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{{Pleural effusion}}
{{Pleural effusion}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{PTD}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{PTD}}; {{NRM}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Common risk factors in the development of pleural effusion include pre-existing lung damage or disease<ref name="pmid26181036">{{cite journal| author=West HJ| title=JAMA Oncology Patient Page. Malignant Pleural Effusions. | journal=JAMA Oncol | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 2 | pages= 260 | pmid=26181036 | doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0671 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26181036  }} </ref>,  chronic smokers,<ref name="pmid26181036">{{cite journal| author=West HJ| title=JAMA Oncology Patient Page. Malignant Pleural Effusions. | journal=JAMA Oncol | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 2 | pages= 260 | pmid=26181036 | doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0671 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26181036  }} </ref> [[neoplasia]] (example lung cancer patient)s,<ref name="pmid20440084">{{cite journal| author=Zablockis R, Petruskeviciene R, Nargela RV| title=[Causes and risk factors of pleural empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion]. | journal=Medicina (Kaunas) | year= 2010 | volume= 46 | issue= 2 | pages= 113-9 | pmid=20440084 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20440084  }} </ref>  alcohol abuse,<ref name="pmid20440084">{{cite journal| author=Zablockis R, Petruskeviciene R, Nargela RV| title=[Causes and risk factors of pleural empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion]. | journal=Medicina (Kaunas) | year= 2010 | volume= 46 | issue= 2 | pages= 113-9 | pmid=20440084 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20440084  }} </ref>  use of certain medications example [[dasatinib]] in the treatment of patients with chronic myelogenous [[leukaemia]],<ref name="pmid22815278">{{cite journal| author=Latagliata R, Breccia M, Fava C, Stagno F, Tiribelli M, Luciano L et al.| title=Incidence, risk factors and management of pleural effusions during dasatinib treatment in unselected elderly patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia. | journal=Hematol Oncol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 103-9 | pmid=22815278 | doi=10.1002/hon.2020 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22815278  }} </ref>and immunosuppressive medicine<ref name="pmid20440084">{{cite journal| author=Zablockis R, Petruskeviciene R, Nargela RV| title=[Causes and risk factors of pleural empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion]. | journal=Medicina (Kaunas) | year= 2010 | volume= 46 | issue= 2 | pages= 113-9 | pmid=20440084 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20440084  }} </ref>, occupational exposure to [[asbestos]],<ref name="pmid26181036">{{cite journal| author=West HJ| title=JAMA Oncology Patient Page. Malignant Pleural Effusions. | journal=JAMA Oncol | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 2 | pages= 260 | pmid=26181036 | doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0671 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26181036  }} </ref> and surgery-related risk factors.<ref name="pmid15173721">{{cite journal| author=Gupta A, Daggett C, Behera S, Ferraro M, Wells W, Starnes V| title=Risk factors for persistent pleural effusions after the extracardiac Fontan procedure. | journal=J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 2004 | volume= 127 | issue= 6 | pages= 1664-9 | pmid=15173721 | doi=10.1016/j.jtcvs.2003.09.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15173721  }} </ref>
Common risk factors in the development of pleural effusion include pre-existing lung damage or disease,<ref name="pmid26181036">{{cite journal| author=West HJ| title=JAMA Oncology Patient Page. Malignant Pleural Effusions. | journal=JAMA Oncol | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 2 | pages= 260 | pmid=26181036 | doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0671 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26181036  }} </ref> chronic smokers,<ref name="pmid26181036">{{cite journal| author=West HJ| title=JAMA Oncology Patient Page. Malignant Pleural Effusions. | journal=JAMA Oncol | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 2 | pages= 260 | pmid=26181036 | doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0671 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26181036  }} </ref> [[neoplasia]] (e.g. lung cancer patients),<ref name="pmid20440084">{{cite journal| author=Zablockis R, Petruskeviciene R, Nargela RV| title=[Causes and risk factors of pleural empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion]. | journal=Medicina (Kaunas) | year= 2010 | volume= 46 | issue= 2 | pages= 113-9 | pmid=20440084 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20440084  }} </ref>  alcohol abuse,<ref name="pmid20440084">{{cite journal| author=Zablockis R, Petruskeviciene R, Nargela RV| title=[Causes and risk factors of pleural empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion]. | journal=Medicina (Kaunas) | year= 2010 | volume= 46 | issue= 2 | pages= 113-9 | pmid=20440084 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20440084  }} </ref>  use of certain medications (e.g. [[dasatinib]] in the treatment of patients with chronic myelogenous [[leukaemia]]<ref name="pmid22815278">{{cite journal| author=Latagliata R, Breccia M, Fava C, Stagno F, Tiribelli M, Luciano L et al.| title=Incidence, risk factors and management of pleural effusions during dasatinib treatment in unselected elderly patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia. | journal=Hematol Oncol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 103-9 | pmid=22815278 | doi=10.1002/hon.2020 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22815278  }} </ref> and immunosuppressive medicine),<ref name="pmid20440084">{{cite journal| author=Zablockis R, Petruskeviciene R, Nargela RV| title=[Causes and risk factors of pleural empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion]. | journal=Medicina (Kaunas) | year= 2010 | volume= 46 | issue= 2 | pages= 113-9 | pmid=20440084 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20440084  }} </ref> occupational exposure to [[asbestos]],<ref name="pmid26181036">{{cite journal| author=West HJ| title=JAMA Oncology Patient Page. Malignant Pleural Effusions. | journal=JAMA Oncol | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 2 | pages= 260 | pmid=26181036 | doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0671 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26181036  }} </ref> and surgery-related risk factors.<ref name="pmid15173721">{{cite journal| author=Gupta A, Daggett C, Behera S, Ferraro M, Wells W, Starnes V| title=Risk factors for persistent pleural effusions after the extracardiac Fontan procedure. | journal=J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 2004 | volume= 127 | issue= 6 | pages= 1664-9 | pmid=15173721 | doi=10.1016/j.jtcvs.2003.09.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15173721  }} </ref>


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Common risk factors in the development of pleural effusion are as follows:
Common risk factors in the development of pleural effusion are as follows:


*Increased serum [[VEGF]], [[TNF]]-α and C3 levels are identified as important risk factors for presence of pleural effusions in [[POEMS syndrome]].<ref name="pmid24519469">{{cite journal| author=Cui RT, Yu SY, Huang XS, Zhang JT, Tian CL, Dou LP et al.| title=Incidence and risk factors of pleural effusions in patients with POEMS syndrome. | journal=Hematol Oncol | year= 2015 | volume= 33 | issue= 2 | pages= 80-4 | pmid=24519469 | doi=10.1002/hon.2135 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24519469  }} </ref>
*Increased serum [[VEGF]], [[TNF]]-α and C3 levels are identified as important risk factors for presence of pleural effusions in [[POEMS syndrome]]<ref name="pmid24519469">{{cite journal| author=Cui RT, Yu SY, Huang XS, Zhang JT, Tian CL, Dou LP et al.| title=Incidence and risk factors of pleural effusions in patients with POEMS syndrome. | journal=Hematol Oncol | year= 2015 | volume= 33 | issue= 2 | pages= 80-4 | pmid=24519469 | doi=10.1002/hon.2135 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24519469  }} </ref>


*Pre-existing lung damage or disease.<ref name="pmid26181036">{{cite journal| author=West HJ| title=JAMA Oncology Patient Page. Malignant Pleural Effusions. | journal=JAMA Oncol | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 2 | pages= 260 | pmid=26181036 | doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0671 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26181036  }} </ref>
*Pre-existing lung damage or disease<ref name="pmid26181036">{{cite journal| author=West HJ| title=JAMA Oncology Patient Page. Malignant Pleural Effusions. | journal=JAMA Oncol | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 2 | pages= 260 | pmid=26181036 | doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0671 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26181036  }} </ref>
*Chronic smokers.<ref name="pmid26181036">{{cite journal| author=West HJ| title=JAMA Oncology Patient Page. Malignant Pleural Effusions. | journal=JAMA Oncol | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 2 | pages= 260 | pmid=26181036 | doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0671 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26181036  }} </ref>
*Chronic smokers<ref name="pmid26181036">{{cite journal| author=West HJ| title=JAMA Oncology Patient Page. Malignant Pleural Effusions. | journal=JAMA Oncol | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 2 | pages= 260 | pmid=26181036 | doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0671 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26181036  }} </ref>
*[[neoplasia]] example lung cancer patients<ref name="pmid20440084">{{cite journal| author=Zablockis R, Petruskeviciene R, Nargela RV| title=[Causes and risk factors of pleural empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion]. | journal=Medicina (Kaunas) | year= 2010 | volume= 46 | issue= 2 | pages= 113-9 | pmid=20440084 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20440084  }} </ref>
*[[Neoplasia]] (e.g. lung cancer patients)<ref name="pmid20440084">{{cite journal| author=Zablockis R, Petruskeviciene R, Nargela RV| title=[Causes and risk factors of pleural empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion]. | journal=Medicina (Kaunas) | year= 2010 | volume= 46 | issue= 2 | pages= 113-9 | pmid=20440084 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20440084  }} </ref>
*alcohol abuse<ref name="pmid20440084">{{cite journal| author=Zablockis R, Petruskeviciene R, Nargela RV| title=[Causes and risk factors of pleural empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion]. | journal=Medicina (Kaunas) | year= 2010 | volume= 46 | issue= 2 | pages= 113-9 | pmid=20440084 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20440084  }} </ref>  
*Alcohol abuse<ref name="pmid20440084">{{cite journal| author=Zablockis R, Petruskeviciene R, Nargela RV| title=[Causes and risk factors of pleural empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion]. | journal=Medicina (Kaunas) | year= 2010 | volume= 46 | issue= 2 | pages= 113-9 | pmid=20440084 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20440084  }} </ref>  
*Liver [[cirrhosis]].<ref name="pmid26181036">{{cite journal| author=West HJ| title=JAMA Oncology Patient Page. Malignant Pleural Effusions. | journal=JAMA Oncol | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 2 | pages= 260 | pmid=26181036 | doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0671 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26181036  }} </ref>
*Liver [[cirrhosis]]<ref name="pmid26181036">{{cite journal| author=West HJ| title=JAMA Oncology Patient Page. Malignant Pleural Effusions. | journal=JAMA Oncol | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 2 | pages= 260 | pmid=26181036 | doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0671 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26181036  }} </ref>
*Use of certain medications example [[dasatinib]] in the treatment of patients with chronic myelogenous [[leukaemia]].<ref name="pmid22815278">{{cite journal| author=Latagliata R, Breccia M, Fava C, Stagno F, Tiribelli M, Luciano L et al.| title=Incidence, risk factors and management of pleural effusions during dasatinib treatment in unselected elderly patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia. | journal=Hematol Oncol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 103-9 | pmid=22815278 | doi=10.1002/hon.2020 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22815278  }} </ref>and immunosuppressive medicine<ref name="pmid20440084">{{cite journal| author=Zablockis R, Petruskeviciene R, Nargela RV| title=[Causes and risk factors of pleural empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion]. | journal=Medicina (Kaunas) | year= 2010 | volume= 46 | issue= 2 | pages= 113-9 | pmid=20440084 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20440084  }} </ref>
*Use of certain medications (e.g. [[dasatinib]] in the treatment of patients with chronic myelogenous [[leukaemia]]<ref name="pmid22815278">{{cite journal| author=Latagliata R, Breccia M, Fava C, Stagno F, Tiribelli M, Luciano L et al.| title=Incidence, risk factors and management of pleural effusions during dasatinib treatment in unselected elderly patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia. | journal=Hematol Oncol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 103-9 | pmid=22815278 | doi=10.1002/hon.2020 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22815278  }} </ref> and immunosuppressive medicine)<ref name="pmid20440084">{{cite journal| author=Zablockis R, Petruskeviciene R, Nargela RV| title=[Causes and risk factors of pleural empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion]. | journal=Medicina (Kaunas) | year= 2010 | volume= 46 | issue= 2 | pages= 113-9 | pmid=20440084 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20440084  }} </ref>
*Occupational exposure to [[asbestos]].<ref name="pmid26181036">{{cite journal| author=West HJ| title=JAMA Oncology Patient Page. Malignant Pleural Effusions. | journal=JAMA Oncol | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 2 | pages= 260 | pmid=26181036 | doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0671 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26181036  }} </ref>
*Occupational exposure to [[asbestos]]<ref name="pmid26181036">{{cite journal| author=West HJ| title=JAMA Oncology Patient Page. Malignant Pleural Effusions. | journal=JAMA Oncol | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 2 | pages= 260 | pmid=26181036 | doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0671 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26181036  }} </ref>
*[[Heart failure]].<ref name="pmid26181036">{{cite journal| author=West HJ| title=JAMA Oncology Patient Page. Malignant Pleural Effusions. | journal=JAMA Oncol | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 2 | pages= 260 | pmid=26181036 | doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0671 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26181036  }} </ref>
*[[Heart failure]]<ref name="pmid26181036">{{cite journal| author=West HJ| title=JAMA Oncology Patient Page. Malignant Pleural Effusions. | journal=JAMA Oncol | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 2 | pages= 260 | pmid=26181036 | doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0671 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26181036  }} </ref>


*As a complication of some surgical procedures example Nuss procedure for correction of pectus excavatum.<ref name="pmid23411850">{{cite journal| author=Cheng YL, Lin CT, Wang HB, Chang H| title=Pleural effusion complicating after Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum. | journal=Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 20 | issue= 1 | pages= 6-11 | pmid=23411850 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23411850  }} </ref>
*As a complication of some surgical procedures (e.g. Nuss procedure for correction of pectus excavatum)<ref name="pmid23411850">{{cite journal| author=Cheng YL, Lin CT, Wang HB, Chang H| title=Pleural effusion complicating after Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum. | journal=Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 20 | issue= 1 | pages= 6-11 | pmid=23411850 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23411850  }} </ref>
Surgery-related risk factors include the following:<ref name="pmid15173721">{{cite journal| author=Gupta A, Daggett C, Behera S, Ferraro M, Wells W, Starnes V| title=Risk factors for persistent pleural effusions after the extracardiac Fontan procedure. | journal=J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 2004 | volume= 127 | issue= 6 | pages= 1664-9 | pmid=15173721 | doi=10.1016/j.jtcvs.2003.09.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15173721  }} </ref>
Surgery-related risk factors include the following:<ref name="pmid15173721">{{cite journal| author=Gupta A, Daggett C, Behera S, Ferraro M, Wells W, Starnes V| title=Risk factors for persistent pleural effusions after the extracardiac Fontan procedure. | journal=J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 2004 | volume= 127 | issue= 6 | pages= 1664-9 | pmid=15173721 | doi=10.1016/j.jtcvs.2003.09.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15173721  }} </ref>
*Lower preoperative [[oxygen saturation]]
*Lower preoperative [[oxygen saturation]]
*presence of postoperative infection
*Presence of postoperative infection
*smaller conduit size
*Smaller conduit size
*longer duration of [[cardiopulmonary bypass]]
*Longer duration of [[cardiopulmonary bypass]]


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 17:22, 6 April 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [2]; Nate Michalak, B.A.

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of pleural effusion include pre-existing lung damage or disease,[1] chronic smokers,[1] neoplasia (e.g. lung cancer patients),[2] alcohol abuse,[2] use of certain medications (e.g. dasatinib in the treatment of patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia[3] and immunosuppressive medicine),[2] occupational exposure to asbestos,[1] and surgery-related risk factors.[4]

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of pleural effusion are as follows:

  • Increased serum VEGF, TNF-α and C3 levels are identified as important risk factors for presence of pleural effusions in POEMS syndrome[5]
  • As a complication of some surgical procedures (e.g. Nuss procedure for correction of pectus excavatum)[6]

Surgery-related risk factors include the following:[4]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 West HJ (2015). "JAMA Oncology Patient Page. Malignant Pleural Effusions". JAMA Oncol. 1 (2): 260. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0671. PMID 26181036.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Zablockis R, Petruskeviciene R, Nargela RV (2010). "[Causes and risk factors of pleural empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion]". Medicina (Kaunas). 46 (2): 113–9. PMID 20440084.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Latagliata R, Breccia M, Fava C, Stagno F, Tiribelli M, Luciano L; et al. (2013). "Incidence, risk factors and management of pleural effusions during dasatinib treatment in unselected elderly patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia". Hematol Oncol. 31 (2): 103–9. doi:10.1002/hon.2020. PMID 22815278.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Gupta A, Daggett C, Behera S, Ferraro M, Wells W, Starnes V (2004). "Risk factors for persistent pleural effusions after the extracardiac Fontan procedure". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 127 (6): 1664–9. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2003.09.011. PMID 15173721.
  5. ↑ Cui RT, Yu SY, Huang XS, Zhang JT, Tian CL, Dou LP; et al. (2015). "Incidence and risk factors of pleural effusions in patients with POEMS syndrome". Hematol Oncol. 33 (2): 80–4. doi:10.1002/hon.2135. PMID 24519469.
  6. ↑ Cheng YL, Lin CT, Wang HB, Chang H (2014). "Pleural effusion complicating after Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum". Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 20 (1): 6–11. PMID 23411850.

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