Peritonsillar abscess
| Peritonsillar abscess | |
| ICD-10 | J36 |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 475 |
| DiseasesDB | 11141 |
| eMedicine | emerg/417 |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Kiran Singh, M.D. [2]
Overview
Peritonsillar abscess, also called PTA or Quinsy, is a recognised complication of tonsillitis and consists of a collection of pus beside the tonsil (peritonsillar space).
Historical perspective
The outline below shows the historical perspective of peritonsillar abscess.[1]
- In Second and third century BC, Celcius was the first to document in literature the treatment and pathogenesis of tonsillar pathology.
- In 1700s peritonsillar abscess was first described.
- In the 1930s and 1940s prior to the advent of antibiotics, surgical management was the most common treatment option for peritonsillar abscess. Interval tonsillectomy was mostly done after symptom resolution.
- By 1947, Chaud tonsillectomy or immediate surgical tonsillectomy became the treatment option.
Classification
Pathophysiology
Anatomy
A good understanding of the tonsil and its surrounding space is important in the pathogenesis of peritonsillar abscess. Tonsillar fossa is occupied by series of 20 to 25 salivary glands described as Weber's glands. The ducts of these glands form a common duct which opens onto the posterior surface of the tonsil after passing through the tonsillar capsule. It is proposed that the secretions from these glands play a rule in food digestion.
Causes
PTA usually arises as a complication of an untreated or partially treated episode of acute tonsillitis. The infection, in these cases, spreads to the peritonsillar area (peritonsillitis). This region comprises loose connective tissue and is hence susceptible to formation of abscess. PTA can also occur de novo. Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be causative. Commonly involved species include streptococci, staphylococci and haemophilus.
Differentiating Peritonsillar abscess from Other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Imaging Findings
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Antimicrobial Regimen
Surgery
Prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary Prevention
Symptoms
- Unlike tonsillitis, which is more common in the pediatric age group, PTA has a more even age spread — from children to adults.
- Symptoms start appearing 2-8 days before the formation of abscess. Common symptoms are:
- Drooling
- Dysphagia
- Foul smelling breath
- Fever
- Headache
- Hoarseness,muffled voice (also called hot potato voice)
- Odynophagia
- Otalgia (on the side of the abscess)
- Sore throat ( may be severe and unilateral)
- Stridor[4]
Physical Examination
Signs
- Contralateral deflection of the uvula
- Facial swelling
- Tender submandibular and anterior cervical lymph nodes.
- Tonsillar hypertrophy with likely peritonsillar edema.
- Trismus[5]
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Peritonsillar abscess Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
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Peritonsillar abscess Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
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Peritonsillar abscess Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
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Peritonsillar abscess Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
Treatment
Treatment is, as for all abscesses, through surgical incision and drainage of the pus, thereby relieving the pain of the stretched tissues. The drainage can often be achieved in the Outpatient Department using a guarded No. 11 blade in an awake and co-operative patient. Sometimes, a needle aspiration can suffice. Antibiotics are also given to treat the infection.
Peritonsillar abscesses are widely considered one of the most painful complications, primarily the surgical draining of the abscess itself. The patient is operated on awake, surgically slicing open the tonsil and draining the abscess.
Complications
- Parapharyngeal abscess
- Extension of abscess in other deep neck spaces leading to airway compromise
- Septicaemia
Notable Quinsy sufferers
- George Washington is believed to have died of complications arising from Quinsy.[6]
- Michel de Montaigne's quinsy brought about the paralysis of his tongue.
- Georges Bizet
- James Gregory of the band The Ordinary Boys was almost killed by quinsy because it was left untreated
- Brian Sweeney
- Alan Burrows
References
- ↑ Passy V (1994). "Pathogenesis of peritonsillar abscess". Laryngoscope. 104 (2): 185–90. doi:10.1288/00005537-199402000-00011. PMID 8302122.
- ↑ Coughlin AM, Baugh RF, Pine HS (2014). "Lingual tonsil abscess with parapharyngeal extension: a case report". Ear Nose Throat J. 93 (9): E7–8. PMID 25255362.
- ↑ Deeva YV (2015). "[SURGICAL TREATMENT OF TONSILLAR NECK PHLEGMON]". Klin Khir (7): 47–8. PMID 26591220.
- ↑ Ferri, Fred (2015). Ferri's clinical advisor 2015 : 5 books in 1. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. ISBN 978-0323083751.
- ↑ Ferri, Fred (2015). Ferri's clinical advisor 2015 : 5 books in 1. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. ISBN 978-0323083751.
- ↑ Mount Vernon Plantation (2006). "Part 4. President and Back Home". Meet George Washington. Mount Vernon Ladies Association. Unknown parameter
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External links
Template:Respiratory pathology
ka:პერიტონზილური აბსცესი nl:Peritonsillair abces fi:Kurkkupaise