Peritonsillar abscess: Difference between revisions
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===Most common cause=== | ===Most common cause=== | ||
The most frequent pathogen of peritonsillar abscess is [[Streptococcus pyogenes]].<ref name="pmid15573356">{{cite journal| author=Brook I| title=Microbiology and management of peritonsillar, retropharyngeal, and parapharyngeal abscesses. | journal=J Oral Maxillofac Surg | year= 2004 | volume= 62 | issue= 12 | pages= 1545-50 | pmid=15573356 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15573356 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18039418">{{cite journal| author=Megalamani SB, Suria G, Manickam U, Balasubramanian D, Jothimahalingam S| title=Changing trends in bacteriology of peritonsillar abscess. | journal=J Laryngol Otol | year= 2008 | volume= 122 | issue= 9 | pages= 928-30 | pmid=18039418 | doi=10.1017/S0022215107001144 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18039418 }} </ref> | The most frequent pathogen of peritonsillar abscess is [[Streptococcus pyogenes]].<ref name="pmid15573356">{{cite journal| author=Brook I| title=Microbiology and management of peritonsillar, retropharyngeal, and parapharyngeal abscesses. | journal=J Oral Maxillofac Surg | year= 2004 | volume= 62 | issue= 12 | pages= 1545-50 | pmid=15573356 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15573356 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18039418">{{cite journal| author=Megalamani SB, Suria G, Manickam U, Balasubramanian D, Jothimahalingam S| title=Changing trends in bacteriology of peritonsillar abscess. | journal=J Laryngol Otol | year= 2008 | volume= 122 | issue= 9 | pages= 928-30 | pmid=18039418 | doi=10.1017/S0022215107001144 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18039418 }} </ref><ref name="pmid1875138">{{cite journal| author=Snow DG, Campbell JB, Morgan DW| title=The microbiology of peritonsillar sepsis. | journal=J Laryngol Otol | year= 1991 | volume= 105 | issue= 7 | pages= 553-5 | pmid=1875138 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1875138 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12092281">{{cite journal| author=Matsuda A, Tanaka H, Kanaya T, Kamata K, Hasegawa M| title=Peritonsillar abscess: a study of 724 cases in Japan. | journal=Ear Nose Throat J | year= 2002 | volume= 81 | issue= 6 | pages= 384-9 | pmid=12092281 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12092281 }} </ref> | ||
===Common causes=== | ===Common causes=== | ||
Revision as of 18:46, 23 February 2017
| Peritonsillar abscess | |
| ICD-10 | J36 |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 475 |
| DiseasesDB | 11141 |
| eMedicine | emerg/417 |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Kiran Singh, M.D. [2] Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [3]
Overview
Peritonsillar abscess (PTA), also commonly referred to as quinsy, is defined as a collection of pus located between the tonsillar capsule and the pharyngeal constrictor muscles. It is the most common deep tissue infection of the neck.[1] Historically, it has been thought of as a complication of acute tonsillitis. However, recent studies have proposed additional hypothesis surrounding its pathogenesis making the understanding of the disease a medical dilemma.[2]
Historical perspective
The outline below shows the historical perspective of peritonsillar abscess.[3]
- In Second and third century BC, Celcius was the first to document in literature the treatment and pathogenesis of tonsillar pathology.
- In 1700s peritonsillar abscess was first described.
- In the 1930s and 1940s prior to the advent of antibiotics, surgical management was the most common treatment option for peritonsillar abscess. Interval tonsillectomy was mostly done after symptom resolution.
- By 1947, Chaud tonsillectomy or immediate surgical tonsillectomy became the treatment option.
Classification
Pathophysiology
Anatomy
A good understanding of the tonsil and its surrounding space is important in the pathogenesis of peritonsillar abscess. The palatine tonsils are found in an anatomical structure called tonsillar fossa. This fossa is bounded anteriorly by palatoglossal muscle, posteriorly by palatopharyngeal muscle, laterally by a fibrous capsule and tonsillar crypts medially. Contents of the tonsillar crypts are expelled by contraction of the tonsillopharyngeus muscle.[4] The tonsils form during the last months of pregnancy and becomes fully formed by 6 to 7 years of age. It then undergoes involution until small size remains in older population. Located within the soft palate is the supratonsillar space occupied by series of 20 to 25 salivary glands described as Weber's glands. The ducts of these glands form a common duct which opens onto the posterior surface of the tonsil after passing through the tonsillar capsule. It is proposed that the secretions from these glands play a rule in food digestion. Peritonsillar abscesses form in the area between the palatine tonsil and its capsule.
Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of peritonsillar abscess is still not well-understood.[2] There are two proposed theories believed to be involved in the pathogensis of peritonsillar abscess formation.[4][3][5][6]
- 1. It is proposed to arise from an extension of exudative tonsillitis.
Some authorities believe that blockage of drainage from tonsillar crypt in acute tonsillitis results in spread of infection into the peritonsillar space.
- 2. Involvement of Weber's gland account for the abscess formation. Some believe that peritonsillar abscess arises from infectious process involving group of salivary glands called Weber's glands located in the supratonsillar space.
Antigenic response following any disturbance arising from within the tonsillar crypt mucosa allows for lymphocytic interaction. This disruption in the crypt epithelium may be preceded by infectious process. Invasion and proliferation of the tonsillar crypt by infectious pathogens results in localized edema and influx of neutrophils. This is clinically seen as inflammed tonsil with or without exudation.[4] Pus accumulation within tissue behind the supratonsillar space leads to tonsillar bulging, uvula and palate deviation.
Causes
PTA usually arises as a complication of an untreated or partially treated episode of acute tonsillitis. The infection, in these cases, spreads to the peritonsillar area (peritonsillitis). This region comprises loose connective tissue and is hence susceptible to formation of abscess. Peritonsilar abscess can also occur de novo. Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be causative.[7][7]
Life-threatening causes
Life-threatening conditions may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. Peritonsillar abscess may become a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the cause.[8][7]
Most common cause
The most frequent pathogen of peritonsillar abscess is Streptococcus pyogenes.[8][7][9][10]
Common causes
Some common causes of peritonsillar abscess include:[8][7]
- Fusobacterium necrophorum
- Streptococcus milleri
- Staphylococci
- Haemophilus
- Prevotella
- Porphyromonas
- Fusobacterium
- Peptostreptococcus spp.
- Pseudomonas spp.
- Enterobacter spp.
- Klebsiella
Less common causes
Less common causes of peritonsillar abscess include:[8][7]
Differentiating Peritonsillar abscess from Other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence and incidence
The incidence of peritonsillar abscess is highest between November to December and April to May. This has been associated with the highest rates of streptococcal pharyngitis and exudative tonsillitis around that these times.[11][12]
Age
Peritonsillar abscess occur in all age groups. The highest occurrence is in adults between 20 to 40 years of age.[1][13][14]
Race
Gender
Developed and developing countries
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural history
Complications
The following are some complications that may follow peritonsillar abscess:
Peritonsillar abscess may spread through the deep fascia of the neck with associated rapid progression to a more serious infection.
Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
- Unlike tonsillitis, which is more common in the pediatric age group, peritonsillar abscess has a more even age spread — from children to adults.
- Drooling
- Dysphagia
- Foul smelling breath
- Fever
- Headache
- Hoarseness,muffled voice (also called hot potato voice)
- Odynophagia
- Otalgia (on the side of the abscess)
- Sore throat ( may be severe and unilateral)
- Stridor[18]
- Malaise
Physical Examination
Physical examination findings suggestive of peritonsillar abscess include the following:[1][19][3]
- Muffled voice (also called "hot potato voice")
- Contralateral deflection of the uvula
- Facial swelling
- Tender submandibular and anterior cervical lymph nodes.
- Tonsillar hypertrophy with likely peritonsillar edema.
- Trismus
Laboratory Findings
Imaging Findings
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Antimicrobial Regimen
Surgery
Prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary Prevention
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Peritonsillar abscess Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
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Peritonsillar abscess Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
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Peritonsillar abscess Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
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Peritonsillar abscess Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
Treatment
Treatment is, as for all abscesses, through surgical incision and drainage of the pus, thereby relieving the pain of the stretched tissues. The drainage can often be achieved in the Outpatient Department using a guarded No. 11 blade in an awake and co-operative patient. Sometimes, a needle aspiration can suffice. Antibiotics are also given to treat the infection.
Peritonsillar abscesses are widely considered one of the most painful complications, primarily the surgical draining of the abscess itself. The patient is operated on awake, surgically slicing open the tonsil and draining the abscess.
Complications
- Parapharyngeal abscess
- Extension of abscess in other deep neck spaces leading to airway compromise
- Septicaemia
Notable Quinsy sufferers
- George Washington is believed to have died of complications arising from Quinsy.[20]
- Michel de Montaigne's quinsy brought about the paralysis of his tongue.
- Georges Bizet
- James Gregory of the band The Ordinary Boys was almost killed by quinsy because it was left untreated
- Brian Sweeney
- Alan Burrows
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Galioto NJ (2008). "Peritonsillar abscess". Am Fam Physician. 77 (2): 199–202. PMID 18246890.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Powell EL, Powell J, Samuel JR, Wilson JA (2013). "A review of the pathogenesis of adult peritonsillar abscess: time for a re-evaluation". J Antimicrob Chemother. 68 (9): 1941–50. doi:10.1093/jac/dkt128. PMID 23612569.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Passy V (1994). "Pathogenesis of peritonsillar abscess". Laryngoscope. 104 (2): 185–90. doi:10.1288/00005537-199402000-00011. PMID 8302122.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 L. Michaels, H.B. Hellquist Ear, nose and throat histopathology (2nd ed.)Springer-Verlag, London (2001), pp. 281–286
- ↑ Blair AB, Booth R, Baugh R (2015). "A unifying theory of tonsillitis, intratonsillar abscess and peritonsillar abscess". Am J Otolaryngol. 36 (4): 517–20. doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2015.03.002. PMID 25865201.
- ↑ Herzon FS, Martin AD (2006). "Medical and surgical treatment of peritonsillar, retropharyngeal, and parapharyngeal abscesses". Curr Infect Dis Rep. 8 (3): 196–202. PMID 16643771.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Megalamani SB, Suria G, Manickam U, Balasubramanian D, Jothimahalingam S (2008). "Changing trends in bacteriology of peritonsillar abscess". J Laryngol Otol. 122 (9): 928–30. doi:10.1017/S0022215107001144. PMID 18039418.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Brook I (2004). "Microbiology and management of peritonsillar, retropharyngeal, and parapharyngeal abscesses". J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 62 (12): 1545–50. PMID 15573356.
- ↑ Snow DG, Campbell JB, Morgan DW (1991). "The microbiology of peritonsillar sepsis". J Laryngol Otol. 105 (7): 553–5. PMID 1875138.
- ↑ Matsuda A, Tanaka H, Kanaya T, Kamata K, Hasegawa M (2002). "Peritonsillar abscess: a study of 724 cases in Japan". Ear Nose Throat J. 81 (6): 384–9. PMID 12092281.
- ↑ Belleza WG, Kalman S (2006). "Otolaryngologic emergencies in the outpatient setting". Med Clin North Am. 90 (2): 329–53. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2005.12.001. PMID 16448878.
- ↑ Bisno AL, Gerber MA, Gwaltney JM, Kaplan EL, Schwartz RH, Infectious Diseases Society of America (2002). "Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin Infect Dis. 35 (2): 113–25. doi:10.1086/340949. PMID 12087516.
- ↑ Steyer TE (2002). "Peritonsillar abscess: diagnosis and treatment". Am Fam Physician. 65 (1): 93–6. PMID 11804446.
- ↑ Khayr W, Taepke J (2005). "Management of peritonsillar abscess: needle aspiration versus incision and drainage versus tonsillectomy". Am J Ther. 12 (4): 344–50. PMID 16041198.
- ↑ Coughlin AM, Baugh RF, Pine HS (2014). "Lingual tonsil abscess with parapharyngeal extension: a case report". Ear Nose Throat J. 93 (9): E7–8. PMID 25255362.
- ↑ Deeva YV (2015). "[SURGICAL TREATMENT OF TONSILLAR NECK PHLEGMON]". Klin Khir (7): 47–8. PMID 26591220.
- ↑ Kawabata M, Umakoshi M, Makise T, Miyashita K, Harada M, Nagano H; et al. (2016). "Clinical classification of peritonsillar abscess based on CT and indications for immediate abscess tonsillectomy". Auris Nasus Larynx. 43 (2): 182–6. doi:10.1016/j.anl.2015.09.014. PMID 26527518.
- ↑ Ferri, Fred (2015). Ferri's clinical advisor 2015 : 5 books in 1. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. ISBN 978-0323083751.
- ↑ Ferri, Fred (2015). Ferri's clinical advisor 2015 : 5 books in 1. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. ISBN 978-0323083751.
- ↑ Mount Vernon Plantation (2006). "Part 4. President and Back Home". Meet George Washington. Mount Vernon Ladies Association. Unknown parameter
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External links
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ka:პერიტონზილური აბსცესი nl:Peritonsillair abces fi:Kurkkupaise