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{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
|genericName=generic name
|aOrAn=a
|drugClass=Adrenergic receptor agonist
|indication=a list of indications, separated by commas.
|hasBlackBoxWarning=Yes
|adverseReactions=a list of adverse reactions, separated by commas.
|blackBoxWarningTitle=Warning Title
|blackBoxWarningBody=<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">Condition Name:</span></i> (Content)
|fdaLIADAdult======Condition 1=====


==Overview==
* Dosing Information
'''Pectin''', a white to light brown powder, is a [[heteropolysaccharide]] derived from the cell wall of higher terrestrial plants. It was first isolated and described in 1825 by [[Henri Braconnot]]<ref>Braconnot, Henri. Keppler, Frank ''et al.'' Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions. ''Nature'' '''439''', 187-190</ref>.


It is mainly used in food as a [[gelling agent]] in [[jam]]s and jellies. Today it is also used in fillings, sweets, as a stabilizer in fruit juices and milk drinks and as a source of [[dietary fiber]] in foods.
:* (Dosage)


==Biology==
=====Condition 2=====


Naturally, pectin in the form of complex, insoluble protopectin is part of the non-woody parts of terrestrial plants. In the middle lamella between plant cells, pectin helps to bind cells together and regulates water in the plant.
* Dosing Information


The amount and structure of the pectin differs between plants and also within a plant over time and in different parts of a plant. Tough parts contain more pectin than soft parts of a plant. During ripening, pectin is broken down; in this process the fruit gets softer as the cell walls break down.
:* (Dosage)
|offLabelAdultGuideSupport======Condition 1=====


Pectin is a natural part of human diet, but does not contribute significantly to nutrition. The daily intake of pectin from fruit and vegetables can be estimated to be around 5&nbsp;g (assuming consumption of approximately 500&nbsp;g fruit and vegetable per day).
* Developed by: (Organisation)


In human digestion, pectin is not used as nutrient, but passes through the small intestine more or less intact. In the large intestine and colon, microorganisms degrade pectin and liberate short-chain fatty acids that have positive influence on health ([[prebiotic]] effect). Pectin is thus a soluble [[dietary fiber]].
* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)


Consumption of pectin has been shown to reduce blood cholesterol levels. The mechanism appears to be a decrease of viscosity in the intestinal tract, leading to a reduced absorption of cholesterol from bile or food.<ref>[http://www.journal.su.ac.th/index.php/suij/article/viewFile/48/48 Pornsak Sriamornsak; Chemistry of Pectin and its Pharmaceutical Uses: A Review]</ref>
* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)


==Chemistry==
* Dosing Information/Recommendation


The characteristic structure of pectin is a linear chain of α-(1-4)-linked [[D-galacturonic acid]] that forms the pectin-backbone, a homogalacturonan.
:* (Dosage)


Into this backbone, there are regions where galacturonic acid is replaced by (1-2)-linked L-[[rhamnose]]. From rhamnose, sidechains of various neutral sugars branch off. This type of pectin is called rhamnogalacturonan I. Over all, up to every 25th galacturonic acid in the main chain is exchanged with rhamnose. Some stretches consisting of alternating galacturonic acid and rhamnose – “hairy regions”, others with lower density of rhamnose – “smooth regions”. The neutral sugars are mainly D-[[galactose]], L-[[arabinose]] and D-[[xylose]]; the types and proportions of neutral sugars vary with the origin of pectin.
=====Condition 2=====


A third structural type of pectin is Rhamnogalacturonan II, which is a less frequent complex, highly branched polysaccharide.
* Developed by: (Organisation)
Isolated pectin has a [[molecular weight]] of typically 60 - 130 000 g/mol, varying with origin and extraction conditions.


In nature, around 80% of carboxyl groups of galacturonic acid are esterified with methanol. This proportion is decreased more or less during pectin extraction. The ratio of esterified to non-esterified galacturonic acid determines the behavior of pectin in food applications. This is why pectins are classified as high- vs. low-ester pectins – or in short HM vs. LM-pectins, with more or less than half of all the galacturonic acid esterified.
* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)


The non-esterified galacturonic acid units can be either free acid or salts with sodium, potassium or calcium. The salt of partially esterified pectins are called pectinates, if the degree of esterification is below 5% the salts are called pectates, the insoluble acid form, pectic acid.
* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)


Some plants like sugar-beet, [[potato]]es and [[pear]]s contain pectins with acetylated galacturonic acid in addition to methyl esters. Acetylation prevents gel-formation but increases the stabilisating and emulsifying effects of pectin.
* Dosing Information/Recommendation


Amidated pectin is a modified form of pectin. Here, some of the galacturonic acid is converted with ammonia to carboxylic acid amide. These pectins are more tolerant of varying calcium concentrations that occur in use.<ref>H.-D. Belitz, W. Grosch, P. Schieberle; Food Chemistry; Springer, Berlin; April 2004</ref>
:* (Dosage)
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport======Condition 1=====


To prepare a pectin-gel, the ingredients are heated, dissolving the pectin. Upon cooling below gelling temperature, a gel starts to form. If gel formation is too strong, syneresis or a granular texture are the result, whilst weak gelling leads to excessively soft gels. In high-ester pectins at soluble solids content above 60% and a pH-value between 2.8 and 3.6, hydrogen-bonds and hydrophobic interactions bind the individual pectin chains together. These bonds form as water is bound by sugar and forces pectin strands to stick together. These form a 3-dimensional molecular net that creates the macromolecular gel. The gelling-mechanism is called a low-water-activity gel or sugar-acid-pectin gel.
* Dosing Information


In low-ester pectins, ionic bridges are formed between calcium and carboxylic acid of the galacturonic acid. This is idealised in the so-called “egg box-model”. Low-ester pectins need calcium to form a gel, but can do so at lower soluble solids and higher pH-values than high-ester pectins.
:* (Dosage)


Amidated pectins behave like low-ester pectins but need less calcium and are more tolerant of excess calcium. Also, gels from amidated pectin are thermo-reversible – they can be heated and after cooling solidify again, whereas conventional pectin-gels will afterwards remain liquid.
=====Condition 2=====


Within high ester pectins, the speed by which pectin gels set is faster with higher than with lower ester pectins. On the other hand, reactions with calcium increases as the degree of esterification falls. Similary, lower pH-values or higher soluble solids (normally sugars) increase gelling speed. Suitable pectins can therefore be selected for jams and for jellies, or for higher sugar confectionery jellies.
* Dosing Information


== Sources and Production ==
:* (Dosage)


[[Apple (fruit)|Apples]], [[quince]], [[plum]]s, [[gooseberries]] and [[Orange (fruit)|oranges]] contain much pectin, while soft fruits like [[cherry|cherries]], grapes and [[strawberry|strawberries]] contain little pectin.
=====Condition 3=====


Typical levels of pectin in plants are (fresh weight):
* Dosing Information


[[apple (fruit)|apples]], [[apricot]] approx. 1%
:* (Dosage)
|fdaLIADPed======Condition 1=====


[[orange (fruit)|oranges]] 0.5 - 3.5%
* Dosing Information


[[carrot]]s approx. 1.4%
:* (Dosage)


The main raw-materials for pectin production are dried citrus peel or apple pomace, both by-products of juice production. Pomace from sugar-beet is also used to a small extent.
=====Condition 2=====


From these materials, pectin is extracted by adding hot dilute acid at pH-values from 1.5 – 3.5. During several hours of extraction, the protopectin loses some of its branching and chain-length and goes into solution. After filtering, the extract is concentrated in vacuum and the pectin then precipitated by adding ethanol or isopropanol. An old technique of precipitating pectin with aluminium salts is no longer used (apart from alcohols and polyvalent cations; pectin also precipitates with proteins and detergents).
* Dosing Information


Precipitated pectin is then separated, washed and dried. Treating the initial pectin with dilute acid leads to low-esterified pectins. When this process includes ammonium hydroxide, amidated pectins are obtained. After drying and milling pectin is usually standardised with sugar and sometimes calcium-salts or organic acids to have optimum performance in a particular application.<ref> G. Eisenbrand, P. Schreier; RÖMPP Lexikon Lebensmittelchemie; Thieme, Stuttgart; Mai 2006 </ref>
:* (Dosage)
|offLabelPedGuideSupport======Condition 1=====


Worldwide, approximately 40,000 metric tons of pectin are produced every year.
* Developed by: (Organisation)


==Uses==
* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)


The main use for pectin is as a gelling agent, thickening agent and stabilizer in food.
* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
The classical application is giving the jelly-like consistency to jams or marmalades, which would otherwise be sweet juices. For household use, pectin is an ingredient in jelling sugar (sometimes sold as “sugar with pectin”) where it is diluted to the right concentration with sugar and some citric acid to adjust pH.
In some countries, pectin is also available as a solution or an extract, or as a blended powder, for home jam making.
For conventional jams and marmalades that contain above 60% sugar and soluble fruit solids, high-ester pectins are used. With low-ester pectins and amidated pectins less sugar is needed, so that diet products can be made.
Pectin can also be used to stabilize acidic protein drinks, such as drinking yogurt, and as a fat replacer.
Typical levels of pectin used as a food additive are between 0.5 – 1.0% - this is about the same amount of pectin as in fresh fruit.


In medicine, pectin increases viscosity and volume of stool so that it is used against constipation and [[diarrhea]]. Until 2002, it was one of the main ingredients used in [[Kaopectate]], along with [[kaolinite]]. Pectin is also used in throat lozenges as a [[demulcent]]. In cosmetic products, pectin acts as stabilizer. Pectin is also used in wound healing preparations and specialty medical adhesives, such as colostomy devices.
* Dosing Information/Recommendation


In [[ruminant]] nutrition, depending on the extent of signification of the cell wall, pectin is up to 90% digestible by bacterial enzymes. [[Ruminant]] nutritionists recommend that the digestibility and energy concentration in forages can be improved by increasing pectin concentration in the forage.
:* (Dosage)


Pectin is also a substitute for fat in baked goods.
=====Condition 2=====


In the [[cigar]] industry, pectin is considered an excellent substitute for vegetable glue and many cigar smokers and collectors will use pectin for repairing damaged tobacco wrapper leaves on their cigars.
* Developed by: (Organisation)


==Legal status==
* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)


Pectins, including high and low -ester and amidated, are used in food all over the world. At the FAO/WHO joint Expert Committee on Food Additives and in the EU, no numerical acceptable daily intake (ADI) has been set, as pectin is considered safe.<ref>[http://www.who.int/ipcs/food/jecfa/en/ JECFA]</ref>
* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)


In the US, pectin is GRAS – [[Generally recognized as safe]]. In most foods it can be used according to good manufacturing practices in the levels needed for its application, “quantum satis”.
* Dosing Information/Recommendation


In the International Numbering System (INS) pectin has the number 440. In Europe it is differentiated into E440(i) for non-amidated pectins and E440 (ii) for amidated pectins. There are specifications in all national and international legislation defining its quality and regulating its use.
:* (Dosage)
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport======Condition 1=====


==History==
* Dosing Information


Pectin was first isolated and described in 1825 by [[Henri Braconnot]], though the action of pectin to make jams and marmalades was known long before. To obtain well set jams from fruits that had little or only poor quality pectin, pectin-rich fruits or their extracts were mixed into the recipe.
:* (Dosage)


During industrialization, the makers of fruit preserves soon turned to producers of apple juice to obtain dried apple [[pomace]] that was then cooked to extract pectin. 
=====Condition 2=====


Later, in the 1920s and 1930s, factories were built that commercially extracted pectin from dried apple pomace and later citrus-peel in regions that produced apple juice in both the USA and in Europe.
* Dosing Information


At first pectin was sold as a liquid extract, but nowadays pectin is often used as dried powder that is easier to store and handle than a liquid.<ref>[http://www.ippa.info International Pectin Producers Association] - 13 June 2007</ref>
:* (Dosage)


== References ==
=====Condition 3=====


{{reflist|2}}
* Dosing Information


==External links==
:* (Dosage)
*[http://sci-toys.com/ingredients/pectin.html Pectin chemical structure]
|contraindications=* Condition 1
*[http://www.codexalimentarius.net/gsfaonline/additives/details.html?id=21 Codex General Standard for Food Additives (GSFA) Online Database; A list of permitted uses of pectin, further link to the JECFA (…) specification of pectin.]
* Condition 2
*[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/consleg/1995/L/01995L0002-20031120-en.pdf European parliament and council directive No 95/2/EC of [[20 February]] [[1995]] on food additives other than colours and sweeteners; EU-Directive that lists the foods, pectin may be used in.] Note: The link points to a “consleg”-version of the directive, that may not include the very latest changes. The Directive will be replaced by a new Regulation for food additives in the next few years.
* Condition 3
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|warnings======Conidition 1=====


==See also==
(Description)
* [[Gelling agent]]
* [[Jam]]


[[Category:Polysaccharides]]
|clinicalTrials=======Central Nervous System======
[[Category:Food additives]]
[[Category:Food science]]
[[Category:Cell biology]]
[[Category:Edible thickening agents]]


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Revision as of 19:51, 19 December 2014

Pectin
Black Box Warning
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
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Black Box Warning

Warning Title
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
Condition Name: (Content)

Overview

Pectin is a Adrenergic receptor agonist that is FDA approved for the {{{indicationType}}} of a list of indications, separated by commas.. There is a Black Box Warning for this drug as shown here. Common adverse reactions include a list of adverse reactions, separated by commas..

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

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Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

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Pediatric Indications and Dosage

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Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

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Non–Guideline-Supported Use

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Warnings

Warning Title
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
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Conidition 1

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Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

Central Nervous System
(list/description of adverse reactions)
Cardiovascular
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Respiratory
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Gastrointestinal
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Hypersensitive Reactions
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Miscellaneous
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Condition 2
Central Nervous System
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Cardiovascular
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Respiratory
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Gastrointestinal
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Miscellaneous
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Postmarketing Experience

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Drug Interactions

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Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

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Pediatric Use

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Geriatic Use

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Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

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Others

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Administration and Monitoring

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Monitoring

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Overdosage

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Management

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Chronic Overdose

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Pharmacology

Pectin
Systematic (IUPAC) name
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(Description)

Condition 3

(Description)

How Supplied

(Description)

Storage

There is limited information regarding Pectin Storage in the drug label.

Images

Drug Images

{{#ask: Page Name::Pectin |?Pill Name |?Drug Name |?Pill Ingred |?Pill Imprint |?Pill Dosage |?Pill Color |?Pill Shape |?Pill Size (mm) |?Pill Scoring |?NDC |?Drug Author |format=template |template=DrugPageImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Pill Name }}

Package and Label Display Panel

{{#ask: Label Page::Pectin |?Label Name |format=template |template=DrugLabelImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Label Page }}

Patient Counseling Information

(Patient Counseling Information)

Precautions with Alcohol

Alcohol-Pectin interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor regarding the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

There is limited information regarding Pectin Brand Names in the drug label.

Look-Alike Drug Names

  • (Paired Confused Name 1a) — (Paired Confused Name 1b)
  • (Paired Confused Name 2a) — (Paired Confused Name 2b)
  • (Paired Confused Name 3a) — (Paired Confused Name 3b)

Drug Shortage Status

Drug Shortage

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

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