Pancreatic cancer risk factors: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Pancreatic cancer]] is associated with number of predisposing [[Risk factor|risk factors]] such as age, gender, ethnicity, and environmental exposures. The most potent [[Risk factor|risk factors]] for [[pancreatic cancer]] include [[smoking]], [[alcoholism]], increased [[Body mass index|BMI]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[chronic pancreatitis]] and a [[family history]] of [[pancreatic cancer]]. Individuals with [[hereditary pancreatitis]], familial [[pancreatic cancer]], [[Peutz-Jeghers|Peutz-Jeghers disease]], [[familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome]] (FAMMM), [[von Hippel-Lindau syndrome]], [[multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]], [[cystic fibrosis]] of the [[pancreas]] and familial [[cancer]] syndromes such as [[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer|lynch syndrome]], [[familial adenomatous polyposis]] (FAP) and hereditary [[Breast cancer|breast]] and [[ovarian cancer]]-[[BRCA1]] and [[BRCA2]] mutations are also at an increased risk of [[pancreatic cancer]]. Other medical conditions which pose as a [[risk factor]] for [[pancreatic cancer]] are [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[periodontal disease]] and [[peptic ulcer disease]].


==Risk Factors==
*The most potent risk factors for [[pancreatic cancer]] include [[smoking]], [[alcoholism]], increased [[Body mass index|BMI]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[chronic pancreatitis]] and a [[family history]] of [[pancreatic cancer]].
*Individuals with the following conditions are also at an increased risk of [[pancreatic cancer]]:<ref name="pmid26320426">{{cite journal| author=Goral V| title=Pancreatic Cancer: Pathogenesis and Diagnosis. | journal=Asian Pac J Cancer Prev | year= 2015 | volume= 16 | issue= 14 | pages= 5619-24 | pmid=26320426 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26320426  }} </ref><ref name="PandolGukovskaya2012">{{cite journal|last1=Pandol|first1=Stephen|last2=Gukovskaya|first2=Anna|last3=Edderkoui|first3=Mouad|last4=Dawson|first4=David|last5=Eibl|first5=Guido|last6=Lugea|first6=Aurelia|title=Epidemiology, risk factors, and the promotion of pancreatic cancer: Role of the stellate cell|journal=Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology|volume=27|year=2012|pages=127–134|issn=08159319|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.07013.x}}</ref><ref name="LowenfelsMaisonneuve2005">{{cite journal|last1=Lowenfels|first1=Albert B.|last2=Maisonneuve|first2=Patrick|title=Risk factors for pancreatic cancer|journal=Journal of Cellular Biochemistry|volume=95|issue=4|year=2005|pages=649–656|issn=0730-2312|doi=10.1002/jcb.20461}}</ref>
**[[Hereditary pancreatitis]]
**Familial [[pancreatic cancer]]
**[[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome|Peutz-Jeghers disease]]
**Familial atypical mole melanoma syndrome (FAMMM)
**[[Cystic fibrosis]] of pancreas
**Familial [[cancer]] syndromes such as:
***[[Lynch syndrome]]
***[[Familial adenomatous polyposis]] ([[FAP]])
***[[Von Hippel-Lindau disease|Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome]]
***[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]]
***Hereditary [[Breast cancer|breast]] and [[ovarian cancer]]-[[BRCA1]] and [[BRCA2]] mutations
*Risk factors for [[Pancreatic cancer]] are illustrated in the following tables:


==Risk Factors==
*Risk factors for Pancreatic cancer are illustrated in the following tables:
<br/>
*'''Risk factors for Pancreatic Cancers:'''<ref name="pmid22592847">{{cite journal| author=Bond-Smith G, Banga N, Hammond TM, Imber CJ| title=Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. | journal=BMJ | year= 2012 | volume= 344 | issue=  | pages= e2476 | pmid=22592847 | doi=10.1136/bmj.e2476 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22592847  }} </ref>
*'''Risk factors for Pancreatic Cancers:'''<ref name="pmid22592847">{{cite journal| author=Bond-Smith G, Banga N, Hammond TM, Imber CJ| title=Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. | journal=BMJ | year= 2012 | volume= 344 | issue=  | pages= e2476 | pmid=22592847 | doi=10.1136/bmj.e2476 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22592847  }} </ref>


{|
{|
! rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + | '''Risk factors for Pancreatic Cancer'''
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + | '''Risk factors for Pancreatic Cancer'''
|+  
|+  
| rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |'''Risk factors'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |'''Risk factors'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Smoking
*[[Smoking]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Alcohol
*[[Alcohol]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Increased BMI
*Increased [[Body mass index|BMI]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Diabetes mellitus
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Chronic pancreatitis
*[[Chronic pancreatitis]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Family history of pancreatic cancer
*Family history of pancreatic cancer
|-
|-
|+
|+
| rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + | '''Familial Cancer Syndromes'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + | '''Familial Cancer Syndromes'''
|+
|+
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*BRCA1, BRCA2
*[[BRCA1]], [[BRCA2]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
*[[Familial adenomatous polyposis]] (FAP)
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
*[[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome (FAMMM)
*Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome (FAMMM)
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Lynch syndrome
*[[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer|Lynch syndrome]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
*[[Von Hippel-Lindau disease|Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
*[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Gardner syndrome
*[[Gardner's syndrome|Gardner syndrome]]
|-
|-
|+
|+
| rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + | '''Other medical conditions'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + | '''Other medical conditions'''
|+
|+
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Inflammatory bowel disease
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Periodontal disease
*Periodontal disease
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Peptic ulcer disease
*[[Peptic ulcer disease]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


<br/>
<br />
*'''Risk Factors and Inherited Syndromes associated with Pancreatic Cancer:'''<ref name="pmid25207767">{{cite journal| author=Ryan DP, Hong TS, Bardeesy N| title=Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2014 | volume= 371 | issue= 11 | pages= 1039-49 | pmid=25207767 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1404198 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25207767  }} </ref>
*'''Risk Factors and Inherited Syndromes associated with Pancreatic Cancer:'''<ref name="pmid25207767">{{cite journal| author=Ryan DP, Hong TS, Bardeesy N| title=Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2014 | volume= 371 | issue= 11 | pages= 1039-49 | pmid=25207767 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1404198 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25207767  }} </ref>


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! colspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + | '''Risk Factors and Inherited Syndromes associated with Pancreatic Cancer'''
! colspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + | '''Risk Factors and Inherited Syndromes associated with Pancreatic Cancer'''
|+  
|+  
| rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + | '''Risk Factor'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + | '''Risk Factor'''
| rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + | '''Approximate Risk'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + | '''Approximate Risk'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + | Smoking
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | [[Smoking]]
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + | 2-3 %
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 2-3 %
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + | Long-standing Diabetes mellitus
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | Long-standing [[Diabetes mellitus]]
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + | 2 %
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 2 %
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + | Nonhereditery and Chronic Pancreatitis
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | Nonhereditary and [[chronic pancreatitis]]
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + | 2-6 %
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 2-6 %
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + | Obesity, Inactivity or both
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | [[Obesity]], Inactivity or both
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + | 2 %
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 2 %
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + | Non O Blood Group
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | Non O Blood Group
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + | 1-2 %
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 1-2 %
|+
|+
| rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + | '''Genetic Syndrome and Associated Gene or Genes'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + | '''Genetic Syndrome and Associated Gene or Genes'''
|+
|+
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + | Hereditary pancreatitis (PRSS1, SPINK1)  
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | [[Hereditary pancreatitis]] (PRSS1, SPINK1)  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + | 50 %
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 50 %
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + | Familial atypical multiple mole and melanoma syndrome (p16)
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | ''Familial atypical multiple mole and melanoma syndrome'' (p16)
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + | 10-20 %
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 10-20 %
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + | Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndromes (BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2)
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | Hereditary [[Breast cancer|breast]] and [[ovarian cancer]] syndromes ([[BRCA1]], [[BRCA2]], PALB2)
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + | 1-2 %
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 1-2 %
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + | Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (STK11 [LKB1])
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | [[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]] (STK11 [LKB1])
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + | 30-40 %
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 30-40 %
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + | Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (Lynch syndrome) (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6)
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | [[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer]] ([[Lynch syndrome]]) ([[MLH1]], [[MSH2]], [[MSH6]])
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + | 4 %
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 4 %
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + | Ataxia-telangiectasia (ATM)
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | [[Ataxia telangiectasia|Ataxia-telangiectasia]] (ATM)
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + | Unknown
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Unknown
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + | Li-Fraumeni syndrome (P53)
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | [[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]] (P53)
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + | Unknown
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Unknown
|-
|-
|}
|}
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[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]

Latest revision as of 17:21, 14 March 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Reddy Kothagadi M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Pancreatic cancer is associated with number of predisposing risk factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, and environmental exposures. The most potent risk factors for pancreatic cancer include smoking, alcoholism, increased BMI, diabetes mellitus, chronic pancreatitis and a family history of pancreatic cancer. Individuals with hereditary pancreatitis, familial pancreatic cancer, Peutz-Jeghers disease, familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome (FAMMM), von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and familial cancer syndromes such as lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and hereditary breast and ovarian cancer-BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are also at an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Other medical conditions which pose as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer are inflammatory bowel disease, periodontal disease and peptic ulcer disease.

Risk Factors


  • Risk factors for Pancreatic Cancers:[4]
Risk factors for Pancreatic Cancer
Risk factors
  • Family history of pancreatic cancer
Familial Cancer Syndromes
  • Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome (FAMMM)
Other medical conditions
  • Periodontal disease


  • Risk Factors and Inherited Syndromes associated with Pancreatic Cancer:[5]
Risk Factors and Inherited Syndromes associated with Pancreatic Cancer
Risk Factor Approximate Risk
Smoking 2-3 %
Long-standing Diabetes mellitus 2 %
Nonhereditary and chronic pancreatitis 2-6 %
Obesity, Inactivity or both 2 %
Non O Blood Group 1-2 %
Genetic Syndrome and Associated Gene or Genes
Hereditary pancreatitis (PRSS1, SPINK1) 50 %
Familial atypical multiple mole and melanoma syndrome (p16) 10-20 %
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndromes (BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2) 1-2 %
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (STK11 [LKB1]) 30-40 %
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6) 4 %
Ataxia-telangiectasia (ATM) Unknown
Li-Fraumeni syndrome (P53) Unknown

References

  1. ↑ Goral V (2015). "Pancreatic Cancer: Pathogenesis and Diagnosis". Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 16 (14): 5619–24. PMID 26320426.
  2. ↑ Pandol, Stephen; Gukovskaya, Anna; Edderkoui, Mouad; Dawson, David; Eibl, Guido; Lugea, Aurelia (2012). "Epidemiology, risk factors, and the promotion of pancreatic cancer: Role of the stellate cell". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 27: 127–134. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.07013.x. ISSN 0815-9319.
  3. ↑ Lowenfels, Albert B.; Maisonneuve, Patrick (2005). "Risk factors for pancreatic cancer". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 95 (4): 649–656. doi:10.1002/jcb.20461. ISSN 0730-2312.
  4. ↑ Bond-Smith G, Banga N, Hammond TM, Imber CJ (2012). "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma". BMJ. 344: e2476. doi:10.1136/bmj.e2476. PMID 22592847.
  5. ↑ Ryan DP, Hong TS, Bardeesy N (2014). "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma". N Engl J Med. 371 (11): 1039–49. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1404198. PMID 25207767.

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