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{{Pancreatic cancer}}
{{Pancreatic cancer}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ARK}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
Symptoms of pancreatic cancer include [[jaundice]], light-colored stools or dark urine, pain in the upper/middle [[abdomen]] and back, [[weight loss]], [[loss of appetite]] and [[fatigue]].
A positive history of cigarette [[smoking]], [[alcoholism]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[chronic pancreatitis]] and [[family history]] of [[pancreatic cancer]] are considered as [[Risk factor|risk factors]] for developing [[pancreatic cancer]]. The most common symptoms of [[pancreatic cancer]] include mid-[[epigastric pain]], [[jaundice]], sudden unexplained [[weight loss]], [[dark urine]] and [[Acholic stools|light-colored or greasy stools]].


==History and Symptoms==
==History and Symptoms==
*Pancreatic cancer symptoms depend on the site of the tumor within the pancreas and the degree of tumor involvement.
A positive history of cigarette [[smoking]], [[alcoholism]], [[diabetes mellitus]], chronic pancreatitis and family history of pancreatic cancer are considered as risk factors for developing pancreatic cancer. The most common symptoms of [[pancreatic cancer]] include mid-[[epigastric pain]], [[jaundice]], sudden unexplained [[weight loss]], [[dark urine]] and [[Acholic stools|light-colored or greasy stools]].
*In the early stages of pancreatic cancer there are not many noticeable symptoms. As the cancer grows, symptoms may include the following:
:*[[Jaundice]]
:*Light-colored stools or dark urine
:*Pain in the upper or middle [[abdomen]] and back
:*Unexplained [[weight loss]]
:*Anorexia
:*[[Fatigue]]


<br/>
===History===
Patients with [[pancreatic cancer]] may have a positive history of:<ref name="BosettiLucenteforte2011">{{cite journal|last1=Bosetti|first1=C.|last2=Lucenteforte|first2=E.|last3=Silverman|first3=D. T.|last4=Petersen|first4=G.|last5=Bracci|first5=P. M.|last6=Ji|first6=B. T.|last7=Negri|first7=E.|last8=Li|first8=D.|last9=Risch|first9=H. A.|last10=Olson|first10=S. H.|last11=Gallinger|first11=S.|last12=Miller|first12=A. B.|last13=Bueno-de-Mesquita|first13=H. B.|last14=Talamini|first14=R.|last15=Polesel|first15=J.|last16=Ghadirian|first16=P.|last17=Baghurst|first17=P. A.|last18=Zatonski|first18=W.|last19=Fontham|first19=E.|last20=Bamlet|first20=W. R.|last21=Holly|first21=E. A.|last22=Bertuccio|first22=P.|last23=Gao|first23=Y. T.|last24=Hassan|first24=M.|last25=Yu|first25=H.|last26=Kurtz|first26=R. C.|last27=Cotterchio|first27=M.|last28=Su|first28=J.|last29=Maisonneuve|first29=P.|last30=Duell|first30=E. J.|last31=Boffetta|first31=P.|last32=La Vecchia|first32=C.|title=Cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer: an analysis from the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (Panc4)|journal=Annals of Oncology|volume=23|issue=7|year=2011|pages=1880–1888|issn=0923-7534|doi=10.1093/annonc/mdr541}}</ref><ref name="GoGukovskaya2005">{{cite journal|last1=Go|first1=Vay Liang W.|last2=Gukovskaya|first2=Anna|last3=Pandol|first3=Stephen J.|title=Alcohol and pancreatic cancer|journal=Alcohol|volume=35|issue=3|year=2005|pages=205–211|issn=07418329|doi=10.1016/j.alcohol.2005.03.010}}</ref><ref name="Li2012">{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Donghui|title=Diabetes and pancreatic cancer|journal=Molecular Carcinogenesis|volume=51|issue=1|year=2012|pages=64–74|issn=08991987|doi=10.1002/mc.20771}}</ref><ref name="KirkegårdMortensen2017">{{cite journal|last1=Kirkegård|first1=Jakob|last2=Mortensen|first2=Frank Viborg|last3=Cronin-Fenton|first3=Deirdre|title=Chronic Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|journal=American Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=112|issue=9|year=2017|pages=1366–1372|issn=0002-9270|doi=10.1038/ajg.2017.218}}</ref>


{|
! colspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + | '''Functional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors and their Characteristics'''
|+
| rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + | '''Tumor type and syndrome'''
| rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + | '''Location in pancreas'''
| rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + | '''Signs and symptoms'''
| rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + | '''Circulating biomarkers'''
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + | '''Insulinoma (Whipple’s triad)'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |
*Head, body, tail (evenly distributed)
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |
*Hypoglycemia, dizziness, sweating, tachycardia, tremulousness, confusion, seizure
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |
*CgA and CgB, insulin inappropriate for blood glucose level, proinsulin, C-peptide
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + | '''Gastrinoma (Zollinger–Ellison)'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |
*Gastrinoma triangle Often extrapancreatic (duodenal); can be found anywhere in gland
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |
*Gastric acid hypersecretion, peptic ulcer, diarrhea, esophagitis, epigastric pain
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |
*CgA, gastrin, PP (35%)
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + | '''VIPoma (Verner– Morrison syndrome, WDHA)'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |
*Distal pancreas (body and tail) Often spread outside pancreas
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |
*Watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria (or acidosis)
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |
*CgA, VIP
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + | '''Glucagonoma'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |
*Body and tail of pancreas Often large and spread outside pancreas
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |
*Diabetes (hyperglycemia), necrolytic migratory erythema, stomatitis, glossitis, angular cheilitis
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |
*CgA, glucagon, glycentin
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + | '''Somatostatinoma'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |
*Pancreatoduodenal groove, ampullary, periampullary
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |
*Gallstones, diabetes (hyperglycemia), steatorrhea
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |
*CgA, somatostatin
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + | '''Ppoma'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |
*Head of pancreas
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |
*None
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + |
*CgA, PP
|-
|}


*Cigarette [[Smoking]]
*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
*[[Chronic pancreatitis]]
*[[Family history]] of [[pancreatic cancer]]
===Common Symptoms===
Common [[Symptom|symptoms]] of [[pancreatic cancer]] include:<ref name="VincentHerman2011">{{cite journal|last1=Vincent|first1=Audrey|last2=Herman|first2=Joseph|last3=Schulick|first3=Rich|last4=Hruban|first4=Ralph H|last5=Goggins|first5=Michael|title=Pancreatic cancer|journal=The Lancet|volume=378|issue=9791|year=2011|pages=607–620|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62307-0}}</ref><ref name="Schmidt-HansenBerendse2016">{{cite journal|last1=Schmidt-Hansen|first1=Mia|last2=Berendse|first2=Sabine|last3=Hamilton|first3=William|title=Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer in Primary Care|journal=Pancreas|volume=45|issue=6|year=2016|pages=814–818|issn=0885-3177|doi=10.1097/MPA.0000000000000527}}</ref><ref name="HollyChaliha2004">{{cite journal|last1=Holly|first1=Elizabeth A.|last2=Chaliha|first2=Indranushi|last3=Bracci|first3=Paige M.|last4=Gautam|first4=Manjushree|title=Signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer: a population-based case-control study in the San Francisco Bay area|journal=Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology|volume=2|issue=6|year=2004|pages=510–517|issn=15423565|doi=10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00171-5}}</ref>
*[[Weight loss|Weight Loss]] (significant)
*[[Jaundice]]
*[[Epigastric|Midepigastric]] [[pain]] which may also radiate either to the lower back region and mid-back region
*[[Nausea]]
*[[Vomiting]]
*[[Malaise]]
*[[Fatigue]]
*[[Anorexia|Loss of appetite]]
*[[Anorexia]]
*[[Dyspepsia]]
*[[Ascites]]
*Dark [[urine]]
*[[Acholic stools|Light-colored or greasy stools]]
===Less Common Symptoms===
Less common [[Symptom|symptoms]] of [[pancreatic cancer]] include:<ref name="Li2012">{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Donghui|title=Diabetes and pancreatic cancer|journal=Molecular Carcinogenesis|volume=51|issue=1|year=2012|pages=64–74|issn=08991987|doi=10.1002/mc.20771}}</ref><ref name="KanjiGallinger2013">{{cite journal|last1=Kanji|first1=Z. S.|last2=Gallinger|first2=S.|title=Diagnosis and management of pancreatic cancer|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=185|issue=14|year=2013|pages=1219–1226|issn=0820-3946|doi=10.1503/cmaj.121368}}</ref><ref name="Yosipovitch2010">{{cite journal|last1=Yosipovitch|first1=Gil|title=Chronic pruritus: a paraneoplastic sign|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=23|issue=6|year=2010|pages=590–596|issn=13960296|doi=10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01366.x}}</ref>
*[[Anxiety]]
*[[Stress]]
*[[Diabetes]]
*[[Depression]]
*[[Blood clots]]
*[[Pruritis]]
*[[Steatorrhea]]
*[[Constipation]]
<br />


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]

Latest revision as of 23:33, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Reddy Kothagadi M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

A positive history of cigarette smoking, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, chronic pancreatitis and family history of pancreatic cancer are considered as risk factors for developing pancreatic cancer. The most common symptoms of pancreatic cancer include mid-epigastric pain, jaundice, sudden unexplained weight loss, dark urine and light-colored or greasy stools.

History and Symptoms

A positive history of cigarette smoking, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, chronic pancreatitis and family history of pancreatic cancer are considered as risk factors for developing pancreatic cancer. The most common symptoms of pancreatic cancer include mid-epigastric pain, jaundice, sudden unexplained weight loss, dark urine and light-colored or greasy stools.

History

Patients with pancreatic cancer may have a positive history of:[1][2][3][4]



Common Symptoms

Common symptoms of pancreatic cancer include:[5][6][7]


Less Common Symptoms

Less common symptoms of pancreatic cancer include:[3][8][9]



References

  1. Bosetti, C.; Lucenteforte, E.; Silverman, D. T.; Petersen, G.; Bracci, P. M.; Ji, B. T.; Negri, E.; Li, D.; Risch, H. A.; Olson, S. H.; Gallinger, S.; Miller, A. B.; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B.; Talamini, R.; Polesel, J.; Ghadirian, P.; Baghurst, P. A.; Zatonski, W.; Fontham, E.; Bamlet, W. R.; Holly, E. A.; Bertuccio, P.; Gao, Y. T.; Hassan, M.; Yu, H.; Kurtz, R. C.; Cotterchio, M.; Su, J.; Maisonneuve, P.; Duell, E. J.; Boffetta, P.; La Vecchia, C. (2011). "Cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer: an analysis from the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (Panc4)". Annals of Oncology. 23 (7): 1880–1888. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdr541. ISSN 0923-7534.
  2. Go, Vay Liang W.; Gukovskaya, Anna; Pandol, Stephen J. (2005). "Alcohol and pancreatic cancer". Alcohol. 35 (3): 205–211. doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2005.03.010. ISSN 0741-8329.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Li, Donghui (2012). "Diabetes and pancreatic cancer". Molecular Carcinogenesis. 51 (1): 64–74. doi:10.1002/mc.20771. ISSN 0899-1987.
  4. Kirkegård, Jakob; Mortensen, Frank Viborg; Cronin-Fenton, Deirdre (2017). "Chronic Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". American Journal of Gastroenterology. 112 (9): 1366–1372. doi:10.1038/ajg.2017.218. ISSN 0002-9270.
  5. Vincent, Audrey; Herman, Joseph; Schulick, Rich; Hruban, Ralph H; Goggins, Michael (2011). "Pancreatic cancer". The Lancet. 378 (9791): 607–620. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62307-0. ISSN 0140-6736.
  6. Schmidt-Hansen, Mia; Berendse, Sabine; Hamilton, William (2016). "Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer in Primary Care". Pancreas. 45 (6): 814–818. doi:10.1097/MPA.0000000000000527. ISSN 0885-3177.
  7. Holly, Elizabeth A.; Chaliha, Indranushi; Bracci, Paige M.; Gautam, Manjushree (2004). "Signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer: a population-based case-control study in the San Francisco Bay area". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2 (6): 510–517. doi:10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00171-5. ISSN 1542-3565.
  8. Kanji, Z. S.; Gallinger, S. (2013). "Diagnosis and management of pancreatic cancer". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 185 (14): 1219–1226. doi:10.1503/cmaj.121368. ISSN 0820-3946.
  9. Yosipovitch, Gil (2010). "Chronic pruritus: a paraneoplastic sign". Dermatologic Therapy. 23 (6): 590–596. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01366.x. ISSN 1396-0296.


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