Palpitation diagnostic study of choice

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Akash Daswaney, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

There is no single diagnostic study of choice for palpitations.

Diagnostic Study of Choice

Different Ambulatory Electrocardiography Devices[6][2][7][3]

Machine Description Indications Advantages Disadvantages Picture
12 Lead ECG •Initial Step in the evaluation of patients of palpitations •Inexpensive •Rarely performed during the event
Handheld ECG Palpitations occurring for months to years •High diagnostic yield

•Always present with the patient

•Expensive

•Time period from patient activation to event recording is long

Exercise ECG Stress testing Palpitations aggravated by exertion
Holter Monitoring •Continuous beat to beat monitoring system via 12 leads (attached via skin electrodes).

•24-48 hour monitoring system.

Symptoms occurring daily or every second day. •Readily available.

•Need not be activated during the event. •Low cost. •Provides information of asymptomatic episodes.

•Low diagnostic yield

•Size may prevent trigger events •Clinical Diary completion (upon which symptom correlation depends upon) is a tedious process

A person carries a holter monitor in his pocket.
Continuous- loop event recorder •Worn for a few days (typically 30 days)

•Older monitors are patient activated and store data once, whereas newer models continuously record data •Provides a one to three lead EKG tracing

Symptoms occurring weekly or monthly

Short lasting palpitations associated with hemodynamic compromise

•Can be worn for longer periods of time when compared to Holter monitors

•More cost effective •High diagnostic efficacy/yield as it is a patient activated process

•Not diagnostic for asymptomatic arrythmias as it is a patient activated system (older models

•Devices are uncomfortable and require high maintenance •Requires patient to be compliant

Mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry •External Loop Recorder + Portable Receiver

•Data is wirelessly transmitted to a central monitoring station which then triggers off an alarm in case of an event

•This allows for prompt responses from the physician, facilitates early detection of episodes and provides information regarding the mechanism of the arrythmia

•Provides information of asymptomatic episodes.

Implantable Loop Recorder •Placed subcutaneously through a small 2cm incision in the left precordial region

•Provides a one lead electrocardiographic tracing

Palpitations occurring for months to years

•Rare episodes of palpitations associated with syncope/ hemodynamic compromise •When all other methods of Ambulatory ECG monitoring prove to be inconclusive

•High diagnostic yield

• Long term monitoring (3 years) •Automatically records arrythmias in addition to patient triggered episodes •Subcutaneous approach avoids long term problems associated with surface electrodes •Does not require patient to be compliant.

Invasive procedure may cause local complications

•Expensive •Not readily available

Pacemakers/Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators Dual chamber Devices which are able to detect and store atrial and ventricular Intracardiac Electrograms. •Conventional indications for pacemakers/ICDs •Automatic Arrythmia recording

•Able to discriminate between ventricular and supraventricular arrythmias

Invasive

•Increased risk of early/long term local/systemic complications

Pacemaker insitu.

Following an extensive literature review, the table below has been made to provide a general approach to patients presenting with palpitations.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Palpitations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hemodynamically stable
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hemodynamically unstable
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
History, Physical examination and 12 Lead ECG
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Follow ACLS protocol
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Positive ECG Findings
 
 
 
 
Systemic/pharmacological cause
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cause not established
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Appropriate laboratory investigations/cessation of causative drug
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Frequent/distressing Episodes
 
 
 
 
 
Rare/well Tolerated Episodes
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Plan for definitive treatment
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ambulatory EKG monitoring
 
 
 
 
 
No further workup
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cardiology Referral
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Arrhythmia
 
 
 
 
 
Structural Heart Disease
 
 
 
 
 
 
Myocardial Ischemia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Treat accordingly or plan for discharge if benign
 
 
 
 
 
Perform echocardiography
 
 
 
 
 
 
Urgent treatment
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cardiology referral
 
 
 
 
 
Cardiology referral
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Abbott AV (2005). "Diagnostic approach to palpitations". Am Fam Physician. 71 (4): 743–50. PMID 15742913.
  2. 2.0 2.1 McLellan AJ, Kalman JM (2019). "Approach to palpitations". Aust J Gen Pract. 48 (4): 204–209. doi:10.31128/AJGP-12-17-4436. PMID 31256490.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Raviele A, Giada F, Bergfeldt L, Blanc JJ, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mont L; et al. (2011). "Management of patients with palpitations: a position paper from the European Heart Rhythm Association". Europace. 13 (7): 920–34. doi:10.1093/europace/eur130. PMID 21697315.
  4. Jamshed N, Dubin J, Eldadah Z (2013). "Emergency management of palpitations in the elderly: epidemiology, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic options". Clin Geriatr Med. 29 (1): 205–30. doi:10.1016/j.cger.2012.10.003. PMID 23177608.
  5. "Palpitations: Evaluation in the Primary Care Setting - American Family Physician".
  6. "StatPearls". 2020. PMID 28613787.
  7. Wexler RK, Pleister A, Raman S (2011). "Outpatient approach to palpitations". Am Fam Physician. 84 (1): 63–9. PMID 21766757.