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*Following this, investigative [[modalities]] such as an [[echocardiography]], [[electrophysiologic]] study, a different forms of ambulatory [[ECG]] monitoring and laboratory investigations such as a [[renal function test]], [[thyroid function tests]] and [[serum drug levels]] may be employed. | *Following this, investigative [[modalities]] such as an [[echocardiography]], [[electrophysiologic]] study, a different forms of ambulatory [[ECG]] monitoring and laboratory investigations such as a [[renal function test]], [[thyroid function tests]] and [[serum drug levels]] may be employed. | ||
*The following algorithm can be employed when approaching a patient presenting with [[palpitations]]. <ref name="pmid15742913">{{cite journal| author=Abbott AV| title=Diagnostic approach to palpitations. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2005 | volume= 71 | issue= 4 | pages= 743-50 | pmid=15742913 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15742913 }} </ref><ref name="pmid31256490">{{cite journal| author=McLellan AJ, Kalman JM| title=Approach to palpitations. | journal=Aust J Gen Pract | year= 2019 | volume= 48 | issue= 4 | pages= 204-209 | pmid=31256490 | doi=10.31128/AJGP-12-17-4436 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31256490 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21697315">{{cite journal| author=Raviele A, Giada F, Bergfeldt L, Blanc JJ, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mont L | display-authors=etal| title=Management of patients with palpitations: a position paper from the European Heart Rhythm Association. | journal=Europace | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 7 | pages= 920-34 | pmid=21697315 | doi=10.1093/europace/eur130 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21697315 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23177608">{{cite journal| author=Jamshed N, Dubin J, Eldadah Z| title=Emergency management of palpitations in the elderly: epidemiology, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic options. | journal=Clin Geriatr Med | year= 2013 | volume= 29 | issue= 1 | pages= 205-30 | pmid=23177608 | doi=10.1016/j.cger.2012.10.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23177608 }} </ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/1215/p784.html |title=Palpitations: Evaluation in the Primary Care Setting - American Family Physician |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | *The following algorithm can be employed when approaching a patient presenting with [[palpitations]]. <ref name="pmid15742913">{{cite journal| author=Abbott AV| title=Diagnostic approach to palpitations. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2005 | volume= 71 | issue= 4 | pages= 743-50 | pmid=15742913 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15742913 }} </ref><ref name="pmid31256490">{{cite journal| author=McLellan AJ, Kalman JM| title=Approach to palpitations. | journal=Aust J Gen Pract | year= 2019 | volume= 48 | issue= 4 | pages= 204-209 | pmid=31256490 | doi=10.31128/AJGP-12-17-4436 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31256490 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21697315">{{cite journal| author=Raviele A, Giada F, Bergfeldt L, Blanc JJ, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mont L | display-authors=etal| title=Management of patients with palpitations: a position paper from the European Heart Rhythm Association. | journal=Europace | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 7 | pages= 920-34 | pmid=21697315 | doi=10.1093/europace/eur130 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21697315 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23177608">{{cite journal| author=Jamshed N, Dubin J, Eldadah Z| title=Emergency management of palpitations in the elderly: epidemiology, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic options. | journal=Clin Geriatr Med | year= 2013 | volume= 29 | issue= 1 | pages= 205-30 | pmid=23177608 | doi=10.1016/j.cger.2012.10.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23177608 }} </ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/1215/p784.html |title=Palpitations: Evaluation in the Primary Care Setting - American Family Physician |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
===Different Ambulatory Electrocardiography Devices<ref name="pmid28613787">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=28613787 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid31256490">{{cite journal| author=McLellan AJ, Kalman JM| title=Approach to palpitations. | journal=Aust J Gen Pract | year= 2019 | volume= 48 | issue= 4 | pages= 204-209 | pmid=31256490 | doi=10.31128/AJGP-12-17-4436 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31256490 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21766757">{{cite journal| author=Wexler RK, Pleister A, Raman S| title=Outpatient approach to palpitations. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2011 | volume= 84 | issue= 1 | pages= 63-9 | pmid=21766757 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21766757 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21697315">{{cite journal| author=Raviele A, Giada F, Bergfeldt L, Blanc JJ, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mont L | display-authors=etal| title=Management of patients with palpitations: a position paper from the European Heart Rhythm Association. | journal=Europace | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 7 | pages= 920-34 | pmid=21697315 | doi=10.1093/europace/eur130 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21697315 }} </ref>=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ | |||
!Machine | |||
!Description | |||
!Indications | |||
!Advantages | |||
!Disadvantages | |||
!Picture | |||
|- | |||
|[[12 Lead ECG]] | |||
| | |||
|•Initial Step in the evaluation of patients of [[palpitations]] | |||
|•Inexpensive | |||
|•Rarely performed during the event | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Handheld ECG]] | |||
| | |||
|•[[Palpitations]] occurring for months to years | |||
|•High diagnostic yield | |||
•Always present with the patient | |||
|•Expensive | |||
•Time period from patient activation to event recording is long | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Exercise [[ECG Stress testing]] | |||
| | |||
|•[[Palpitations]] [[aggravated]] by [[exertion]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Holter Monitoring]] | |||
|•Continuous beat to beat monitoring system via 12 leads (attached via skin electrodes). | |||
•24-48 hour monitoring system. | |||
|•[[Symptoms]] occurring daily or every second day. | |||
|•Readily available. | |||
•Need not be activated during the event. | |||
•Low cost. | |||
•Provides information of [[asymptomatic episodes]]. | |||
|•Low [[diagnostic]] yield | |||
•Size may prevent trigger events | |||
•Clinical Diary completion (upon which [[symptom]] correlation depends upon) is a tedious process | |||
|[[Image:IMG 3369.jpg|thumb|250px|center|A person carries a holter monitor in his pocket.]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[Continuous- loop event recorder]] | |||
|•Worn for a few days (typically 30 days) | |||
•Older monitors are patient activated and store data once, whereas newer models continuously record data | |||
•Provides a one to three [[lead EKG tracing]] | |||
|•[[Symptoms]] occurring weekly or monthly | |||
•[[Short lasting palpitations]] associated with [[hemodynamic compromise]] | |||
|•Can be worn for longer periods of time when compared to [[Holter monitors]] | |||
•More cost effective | |||
•High [[diagnostic efficacy/yield]] as it is a patient activated process | |||
|•Not diagnostic for [[asymptomatic arrythmias]] as it is a patient activated system (older models | |||
•Devices are uncomfortable and require high maintenance | |||
•Requires patient to be compliant | |||
|[[Image:External Loop Recorder.JPG|thumb|centre|250px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[Mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry]] | |||
|•External Loop Recorder + Portable Receiver | |||
•Data is wirelessly transmitted to a central monitoring station which then triggers off an alarm in case of an event | |||
| | |||
|•This allows for prompt responses from the physician, facilitates early detection of episodes and provides information regarding the mechanism of the [[arrythmia]] | |||
•Provides information of [[asymptomatic episodes]]. | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Implantable Loop Recorder]] | |||
|•Placed [[subcutaneously]] through a small 2cm [[incision]] in the left [[precordial region]] | |||
•Provides a one lead [[electrocardiographic tracing]] | |||
|•[[Palpitations]] occurring for months to years | |||
•Rare episodes of [[palpitations]] associated with [[syncope]]/ [[hemodynamic compromise]] | |||
•When all other methods of [[Ambulatory ECG monitoring]] prove to be inconclusive | |||
|•High diagnostic yield | |||
• Long term monitoring (3 years) | |||
•Automatically records [[arrythmias]] in addition to patient triggered episodes | |||
•[[Subcutaneous]] approach avoids long term problems associated with [[surface electrodes]] | |||
•Does not require patient to be compliant. | |||
|•[[Invasive procedure]] may cause [[local complications]] | |||
•Expensive | |||
•Not readily available | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Pacemakers]]/[[Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators]] | |||
|•[[Dual chamber Devices]] which are able to detect and store [[atrial and ventricular Intracardiac Electrograms]]. | |||
|•Conventional indications for [[pacemakers/ICDs]] | |||
|•Automatic [[Arrythmia]] recording | |||
•Able to discriminate between [[ventricular and supraventricular arrythmias]] | |||
|•[[Invasive]] | |||
•Increased risk of early/long term [[local/systemic complications]] | |||
|[[Image:PacemakerAEKG.jpg|thumb|centre|200px| Pacemaker insitu.]] | |||
|} | |||
*'''Allan Abbott et al''' found that [[transtelephonic event monitors]] had a greater [[diagnostic yield]] and were more cost effective when compared to [[Holter monitors]]. <ref name="pmid15742913">{{cite journal| author=Abbott AV| title=Diagnostic approach to palpitations. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2005 | volume= 71 | issue= 4 | pages= 743-50 | pmid=15742913 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15742913 }} </ref> | |||
'''Following an extensive literature review, the table below has been made to provide a general approach to patients presenting with palpitations.''' | '''Following an extensive literature review, the table below has been made to provide a general approach to patients presenting with palpitations.''' | ||
Revision as of 18:09, 31 January 2021
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Palpitation diagnostic study of choice On the Web |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Palpitation diagnostic study of choice |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Akash Daswaney, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
There is no single diagnostic study of choice for palpitations.
Diagnostic Study of Choice
- There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of palpitations, but palpitations can be diagnosed based on a through initial evaluation (a detailed history, physical examination and 12 lead ECG).
- Following this, investigative modalities such as an echocardiography, electrophysiologic study, a different forms of ambulatory ECG monitoring and laboratory investigations such as a renal function test, thyroid function tests and serum drug levels may be employed.
- The following algorithm can be employed when approaching a patient presenting with palpitations. [1][2][3][4] [5]
Different Ambulatory Electrocardiography Devices[6][2][7][3]
| Machine | Description | Indications | Advantages | Disadvantages | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 Lead ECG | •Initial Step in the evaluation of patients of palpitations | •Inexpensive | •Rarely performed during the event | ||
| Handheld ECG | •Palpitations occurring for months to years | •High diagnostic yield
•Always present with the patient |
•Expensive
•Time period from patient activation to event recording is long |
||
| Exercise ECG Stress testing | •Palpitations aggravated by exertion | ||||
| Holter Monitoring | •Continuous beat to beat monitoring system via 12 leads (attached via skin electrodes).
•24-48 hour monitoring system. |
•Symptoms occurring daily or every second day. | •Readily available.
•Need not be activated during the event. •Low cost. •Provides information of asymptomatic episodes. |
•Low diagnostic yield
•Size may prevent trigger events •Clinical Diary completion (upon which symptom correlation depends upon) is a tedious process |
 |
| Continuous- loop event recorder | •Worn for a few days (typically 30 days)
•Older monitors are patient activated and store data once, whereas newer models continuously record data •Provides a one to three lead EKG tracing |
•Symptoms occurring weekly or monthly
•Short lasting palpitations associated with hemodynamic compromise |
•Can be worn for longer periods of time when compared to Holter monitors
•More cost effective •High diagnostic efficacy/yield as it is a patient activated process |
•Not diagnostic for asymptomatic arrythmias as it is a patient activated system (older models
•Devices are uncomfortable and require high maintenance •Requires patient to be compliant |
 |
| Mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry | •External Loop Recorder + Portable Receiver
•Data is wirelessly transmitted to a central monitoring station which then triggers off an alarm in case of an event |
•This allows for prompt responses from the physician, facilitates early detection of episodes and provides information regarding the mechanism of the arrythmia
•Provides information of asymptomatic episodes. |
|||
| Implantable Loop Recorder | •Placed subcutaneously through a small 2cm incision in the left precordial region
•Provides a one lead electrocardiographic tracing |
•Palpitations occurring for months to years
•Rare episodes of palpitations associated with syncope/ hemodynamic compromise •When all other methods of Ambulatory ECG monitoring prove to be inconclusive |
•High diagnostic yield
• Long term monitoring (3 years) •Automatically records arrythmias in addition to patient triggered episodes •Subcutaneous approach avoids long term problems associated with surface electrodes •Does not require patient to be compliant. |
•Invasive procedure may cause local complications
•Expensive •Not readily available |
|
| Pacemakers/Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators | •Dual chamber Devices which are able to detect and store atrial and ventricular Intracardiac Electrograms. | •Conventional indications for pacemakers/ICDs | •Automatic Arrythmia recording
•Able to discriminate between ventricular and supraventricular arrythmias |
•Invasive
•Increased risk of early/long term local/systemic complications |
 |
- Allan Abbott et al found that transtelephonic event monitors had a greater diagnostic yield and were more cost effective when compared to Holter monitors. [1]
Following an extensive literature review, the table below has been made to provide a general approach to patients presenting with palpitations.
| Palpitations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hemodynamically stable | Hemodynamically unstable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| History, Physical examination and 12 Lead ECG | Follow ACLS protocol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Positive ECG Findings | Systemic/pharmacological cause | Cause not established | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appropriate laboratory investigations/cessation of causative drug | Frequent/distressing Episodes | Rare/well Tolerated Episodes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Plan for definitive treatment | Ambulatory EKG monitoring | No further workup | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cardiology Referral | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Arrhythmia | Structural Heart Disease | Myocardial Ischemia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Treat accordingly or plan for discharge if benign | Perform echocardiography | Urgent treatment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cardiology referral | Cardiology referral | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Abbott AV (2005). "Diagnostic approach to palpitations". Am Fam Physician. 71 (4): 743–50. PMID 15742913.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 McLellan AJ, Kalman JM (2019). "Approach to palpitations". Aust J Gen Pract. 48 (4): 204–209. doi:10.31128/AJGP-12-17-4436. PMID 31256490.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Raviele A, Giada F, Bergfeldt L, Blanc JJ, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mont L; et al. (2011). "Management of patients with palpitations: a position paper from the European Heart Rhythm Association". Europace. 13 (7): 920–34. doi:10.1093/europace/eur130. PMID 21697315.
- ↑ Jamshed N, Dubin J, Eldadah Z (2013). "Emergency management of palpitations in the elderly: epidemiology, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic options". Clin Geriatr Med. 29 (1): 205–30. doi:10.1016/j.cger.2012.10.003. PMID 23177608.
- ↑ "Palpitations: Evaluation in the Primary Care Setting - American Family Physician".
- ↑ "StatPearls". 2020. PMID 28613787.
- ↑ Wexler RK, Pleister A, Raman S (2011). "Outpatient approach to palpitations". Am Fam Physician. 84 (1): 63–9. PMID 21766757.