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* Ovarian cancer etiology is not completely understood but there are multiple factors that can play a role in its occurrence
* Ovarian cancer etiology is not completely understood but there are multiple risk factors that can play a role in its occurrence such as:  
* Based on multiple studies, the following can be the causes of ovarian cancer:
**Follicle stimulation or fertility drugs as Clomiphene<ref name="SpirtasKaufman1993">{{cite journal|last1=Spirtas|first1=Robert|last2=Kaufman|first2=Steven C.|last3=Alexander|first3=Nancy J.|title=Fertility drugs and ovarian cancer: red alert or red herring?|journal=Fertility and Sterility|volume=59|issue=2|year=1993|pages=291–293|issn=00150282|doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55670-2}}</ref>
** Follicle stimulation or fertility drugs as Clomiphene<ref name="SpirtasKaufman1993">{{cite journal|last1=Spirtas|first1=Robert|last2=Kaufman|first2=Steven C.|last3=Alexander|first3=Nancy J.|title=Fertility drugs and ovarian cancer: red alert or red herring?|journal=Fertility and Sterility|volume=59|issue=2|year=1993|pages=291–293|issn=00150282|doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55670-2}}</ref>
* Based on multiple studies, the following are theories of the etiology of ovarian cancer:
* Theories:
**Theory 1: Repeated ovulations lead to injury of the ovarian epithelium and subsequent exposure to the inflammatory cytokine, transformation of the mesenchymal epithelium, alteration of the genes and hence cancer.
**Theory 1: Repeated ovulations lead to injury of the ovarian epithelium and subsequent exposure to the inflammatory cytokine, transformation of the mesenchymal epithelium, alteration of the genes and hence cancer.  
** With increased age, cortical inclusion cysts develop and its ovarian surface epithelium become metaplastic or neoplastic under the effect of accumulated inflammatory cytokines or stromal factors stimulation <ref name="Ottevanger2017">{{cite journal|last1=Ottevanger|first1=Petronella Beatrix|title=Ovarian cancer stem cells more questions than answers|journal=Seminars in Cancer Biology|volume=44|year=2017|pages=67–71|issn=1044579X|doi=10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.04.009}}</ref>
** With increased age, cortical inclusion cysts develop and its ovarian surface epithelium become metaplastic or neoplastic under the effect of accumulated inflammatory cytokines or stromal factors stimulation <ref name="Ottevanger2017">{{cite journal|last1=Ottevanger|first1=Petronella Beatrix|title=Ovarian cancer stem cells more questions than answers|journal=Seminars in Cancer Biology|volume=44|year=2017|pages=67–71|issn=1044579X|doi=10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.04.009}}</ref>
** Theory 2: ovarian cancer originates from the fallobian tube. This theory evidenced by the presence of dysplastic changes in the fallopian tubes of women who underwent prophylactic removal of their ovaries.  
** Theory 2: Ovarian cancer originates from the fallopian tube. This theory evidenced by the presence of dysplastic changes in the fallopian tubes of women who underwent prophylactic removal of their ovaries.
**Theory 3:  
**Theory 3: Persistent Gonadotrophin release  from the pituitary gland has a direct effect on the ovarian epithelium and is considered carcinogenic <ref name="pmid2535637">{{cite journal| author=Fishel S, Jackson P| title=Follicular stimulation for high tech pregnancies: are we playing it safe? | journal=BMJ | year= 1989 | volume= 299 | issue= 6694 | pages= 309-11 | pmid=2535637 | doi=10.1136/bmj.299.6694.309 | pmc=1837149 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2535637  }}</ref>
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Revision as of 16:01, 5 July 2019

  • Ovarian cancer etiology is not completely understood but there are multiple risk factors that can play a role in its occurrence such as:
    • Follicle stimulation or fertility drugs as Clomiphene[1]
  • Based on multiple studies, the following are theories of the etiology of ovarian cancer:
    • Theory 1: Repeated ovulations lead to injury of the ovarian epithelium and subsequent exposure to the inflammatory cytokine, transformation of the mesenchymal epithelium, alteration of the genes and hence cancer.
    • With increased age, cortical inclusion cysts develop and its ovarian surface epithelium become metaplastic or neoplastic under the effect of accumulated inflammatory cytokines or stromal factors stimulation [2]
    • Theory 2: Ovarian cancer originates from the fallopian tube. This theory evidenced by the presence of dysplastic changes in the fallopian tubes of women who underwent prophylactic removal of their ovaries.
    • Theory 3: Persistent Gonadotrophin release from the pituitary gland has a direct effect on the ovarian epithelium and is considered carcinogenic [3]


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References

  1. Spirtas, Robert; Kaufman, Steven C.; Alexander, Nancy J. (1993). "Fertility drugs and ovarian cancer: red alert or red herring?". Fertility and Sterility. 59 (2): 291–293. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55670-2. ISSN 0015-0282.
  2. Ottevanger, Petronella Beatrix (2017). "Ovarian cancer stem cells more questions than answers". Seminars in Cancer Biology. 44: 67–71. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.04.009. ISSN 1044-579X.
  3. Fishel S, Jackson P (1989). "Follicular stimulation for high tech pregnancies: are we playing it safe?". BMJ. 299 (6694): 309–11. doi:10.1136/bmj.299.6694.309. PMC 1837149. PMID 2535637.

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