Open-angle glaucoma
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Open-angle glaucoma On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Open-angle glaucoma |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rohan Bir Singh, M.B.B.S.[2]
Overview
Historical Perspective
Glaucoma has been known in medicine since Antiquity. In Greek 'glaukos' a word appearing in the works of Homer where it seems to mean a sparkling silver glare. Later the word was used for colours such as sky-blue or green.The word entered ophthalmology when Hippocrates, in his “Aphorisms”, lists among the infirmities of the aged a condition he called “glaucosis” which he associated with “dimness of vision”.[1] The implied meaning is that of a clouded or blue-green hue of the cornea in end stage forms that may result in corneal edema and/or coinciding cataract. The Hippocratic writings make no clear distinction between cataract and glaucoma. Both Classical and Alexandrian Greeks did not recognize the specific disease which we now call glaucoma.
The definition of glaucoma has changed drastically since its introduction around the time of Hippocrates in approximately 400 BC.[1] The first recognition of a disease associated with a rise in intraocular pressure and thus corresponding to what is now known as glaucoma occurred in the Arabian writings, “Book of Hippocratic treatment”, of At-Tabari (10th century).[2] In European writings, it was Richard Bannister (1622), an English oculist and author of the first book of ophthalmology in English, who recognized glaucoma as a disease with four features: increased intraocular pressure, long duration of the disease, the absence of perception of light and the presence of a fixed pupil. However, throughout the 18th century the term glaucoma was still merely a label applied to an inflamed eye wherein the pupil appeared greenish-blue and the visual prognosis was bad, but the tension of the eye was not stressed.[3]
It was only after the careful description by Antoine-Pierre Demours (1818) that the central concept of a rise in intraocular pressure became fully established. G.J. Guthrie (1823) and William McKenzie, a Scottish clinician (1835) confirmed these findings. Donders (1862) described an incapacitating increased eye tension occurring without any inflammatory symptoms as "simple glaucoma". In 1973 Drance provided for the first time the definition of glaucoma as an optic neuropathy caused by increased intraocular pressure and other associated risk factors.[3]
The first patient in the United States federal government's Compassionate Investigational New Drug program, Robert Randall, was afflicted with glaucoma and had successfully fought charges of marijuana cultivation because it was deemed a medical necessity (U.S. v. Randall) in 1976.[4]
Classification
| Open-angle Glaucoma | |
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| Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) (H40.11) |
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| Normal-tension glaucoma (H40.12) |
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| Juvenile open-angle glaucoma |
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| Glaucoma suspect (H40.0) |
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| Secondary open-angle glaucoma
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Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Any Disease from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) poses a significant public health problem. The estimated prevalence of POAG in the United States in individuals older than 40 years is 1.86% (95% confidence interval, 1.75%–1.96%), based on a meta-analysis of population-based studies. Applied to data from the 2000 US census, this percentage translates to nearly 2.22 million Americans affected.[5] The number of POAG patients is estimated to increase by 50%, to 3.36 million in 2020.
The World Health Organization (WHO) undertook an analysis of the literature to estimate the prevalence, incidence, and severity of the different types of glaucoma on a worldwide basis. The data collected predominantly in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it was estimated the global population of persons with high IOP (>21 mm Hg) to be 104.5 million.[6] The incidence of POAG was estimated at 2.4 million persons per year. Blindness prevalence for all types of glaucoma was estimated at more than 8 million persons, with 4 million cases caused by POAG. Glaucoma was theoretically calculated to be responsible for 12.3% of blindness. This makes glaucoma the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, following cataract.
The estimated prevalence varies widely as per different studies population-based samples; the Rotterdam Study (northern European population) showing a prevalence of 0.8% and the Barbados Eye Study (Caribbean population) showing a prevalence of 7% in individuals older than 40 years.[7][8] In these studies, there is an increase in the prevalence of glaucoma in older individuals, with estimates for persons in the 7th decade being generally 3 to 8 times higher than those for persons in their 4th decade.
Among whites aged 40 years and older, a prevalence of between 1.1% and 2.1% has been reported based on population-based studies performed throughout the world. The prevalence among black persons and Latino persons is up to 4 times higher compared to the prevalence among whites. Black individuals are also at greater risk of blindness from POAG, and this risk increases with age: in persons aged 46–65 years, the likelihood of blindness from POAG is 15 times higher among blacks than that among whites.
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram | Chest X Ray | CT | MRI | Echocardiography or Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "GLAUCOMA, MESSENGER, AND HIPPOCRATES". Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 71: 879–80. 1964. ISSN 0003-9950. PMID 14133878.
|first1=missing|last1=in Authors list (help) - ↑ Leffler, Christopher T.; Hadi, Tamer; Salman, Ali; Vasuki, Vivek; Schwartz, Stephen (2015). "The early history of glaucoma: the glaucous eye (800 BC to 1050 AD)". Clinical Ophthalmology. Dove Medical Press Ltd.: 207. doi:10.2147/opth.s77471. ISSN 1177-5483.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Leffler, Christopher T.; Schwartz, Stephen G.; Giliberti, Francesca M.; Young, Matthew T.; Bermudez, Dennis (2015). "Article Commentary: What was Glaucoma Called before the 20th Century?". Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases. SAGE Publications. 7: OED.S32004. doi:10.4137/oed.s32004. ISSN 1179-1721.
- ↑ "US v. Randall, 171 F. 3d 195 - Court of Appeals, 4th Circuit 1999". Google Scholar. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
- ↑ Friedman, DS; Wolfs, RC; O'Colmain, BJ; Klein, BE; Taylor, HR; West, S; Leske, MC; Mitchell, P; Congdon, N; Kempen, J (2004-04-01). "Prevalence of Open-Angle Glaucoma Among Adults in the United States". Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). American Medical Association (AMA). 122 (4): 532. doi:10.1001/archopht.122.4.532. ISSN 0003-9950. PMC 2798086165208 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 15078671. - ↑ Tham, Yih-Chung; Li, Xiang; Wong, Tien Y.; Quigley, Harry A.; Aung, Tin; Cheng, Ching-Yu (2014). "Global Prevalence of Glaucoma and Projections of Glaucoma Burden through 2040". Ophthalmology. Elsevier BV. 121 (11): 2081–2090. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.013. ISSN 0161-6420.
- ↑ Leske, MC; Connell, AM; Schachat, AP; Hyman, L (1994). "The Barbados Eye Study. Prevalence of open angle glaucoma". Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 112 (6): 821–9. ISSN 0003-9950. PMID 8002842.
- ↑ Hofman, Albert; Breteler, Monique M. B.; van Duijn, Cornelia M.; Krestin, Gabriel P.; Pols, Huibert A.; Stricker, Bruno H. Ch.; Tiemeier, Henning; Uitterlinden, André G.; Vingerling, Johannes R.; Witteman, Jacqueline C. M. (2007-10-23). "The Rotterdam Study: objectives and design update". European Journal of Epidemiology. Springer Nature. 22 (11): 819–829. doi:10.1007/s10654-007-9199-x. ISSN 0393-2990.