|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{SI}} | | {{Nontuberculous mycobacteria}} |
| | '''For patient information, click [[NTM (patient information)|here]]''' |
|
| |
|
| {{Seealso|Runyon classification}} | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} |
| {{Seealso|Mycobacterium}} | |
|
| |
|
| {{CMG}} | | {{SK}} |
|
| |
|
| {{SK}} MOTT, NTM
| | ==[[NTM overview|Overview]]== |
|
| |
|
| ==Overview== | | ==[[historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
|
| |
|
| '''Nontuberculous mycobacteria''' (NTM), also known as '''environmental mycobacteria''', '''atypical mycobacteria'''<ref>{{MeshName|Atypical+Mycobacteria}}</ref> and '''mycobacteria other than tuberculosis''' (MOTT), are [[mycobacteria]] which do not cause [[tuberculosis]] or [[Leprosy|Hansen's disease]] (also known as leprosy).
| | ==[[classification|Classification]]== |
|
| |
|
| Mycobacteria are a family of small, rod-shaped bacilli that can be classified into 3 main groups for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment:
| | ==[[pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| * ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' complex which can cause [[tuberculosis]]: ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis|M. tuberculosis]]'', ''[[Mycobacterium bovis|M. bovis]]'', ''[[M. africanum]]'', ''[[M. microti]]'' and ''[[Mycobacterium canetti|M. canetti]]''.
| |
| * ''[[Mycobacterium leprae|M. leprae]]'' and ''[[Mycobacterium lepromatosis|M. lepromatosis]]'' which cause [[Leprosy|Hansen's disease]] or leprosy.
| |
| * Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are all the other mycobacteria which can cause pulmonary disease resembling tuberculosis, lymphadenitis, skin disease, or disseminated disease.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Taxonomy== | | ==[[causes|Causes]]== |
|
| |
|
| {{Main|Runyon classification}}
| | ==[[Differentiating Xyz from other Diseases]]== |
|
| |
|
| In 1959, botanist Ernest Runyon put these human disease-associated bacteria into four groups ([[Runyon classification]]):<ref name="G221">Grange, p. 221</ref>
| | ==[[Xyz epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
|
| |
|
| *Photochromogens, which develop pigments in or after being exposed to light. Examples include ''[[M. kansasii]]'', ''[[M. simiae]]'' and ''[[M. marinum]]''.<ref name="G221"/>
| | ==[[Xyz risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| *Scotochromogens, which become pigmented in darkness. Examples include ''[[Mycobacterium scrofulaceum|M. scrofulaceum]]'' and ''[[M. szulgai]]''.<ref name="G221"/>
| |
| *Non-chromogens, which includes a group of prevalent opportunistic pathogens called [[Mycobacterium avium complex|''M. avium'' complex]] (MAC). Other examples are ''[[M. ulcerans]]'', ''[[M. xenopi]]'', ''[[M. malmoense]]'', ''[[M. terrae]]'', ''[[M. haemophilum]]'' and ''[[M. genavense]]''.<ref name="G222">Grange, p. 222</ref>
| |
| *Rapid growers include four well recognized pathogenic rapidly growing non-chromogenic species: ''[[M. chelonae]]'', ''[[M. abscessus]]'', ''[[M. fortuitum]]'' and ''[[M. peregrinum]]''. Other examples cause disease rarely, such as ''[[M. smegmatis]]'' and ''[[M. flavescens]]''.<ref name="G222"/>
| |
|
| |
|
| The number of identified and cataloged NTM species has been increasing rapidly, from about 50 in 1997 to over 125 by January 2007. The surge is mainly due to improved isolation and identification technique.<ref>American Thoracic Society, p.369</ref>
| | ==[[Xyz screening|Screening]]== |
|
| |
|
| However, even with these new techniques, the Runyon classification is still sometimes used to organize the mycobacteria into categories.<ref name="pmid12692101">{{cite journal |author=Tortoli E |title=Impact of genotypic studies on mycobacterial taxonomy: the new mycobacteria of the 1990s |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=319–54 |date=April 2003 |pmid=12692101 |pmc=153139 |doi= 10.1128/CMR.16.2.319-354.2003|url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12692101}}</ref>
| | ==[[Xyz natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| | |
| ==Epidemiology==
| |
| | |
| NTM are widely distributed in the environment, particularly in wet soil, marshland, streams, rivers and estuaries. Different species of NTM prefer different types of environment.<ref name="Grange, p. 226">Grange, p. 226</ref> Human disease is believed to be acquired from environmental exposures, and unlike tuberculosis and leprosy, there has been no evidence of animal-to-human or human-to-human transmission of NTM, hence the alternative label "environmental bacteria".<ref name="ATS370">American Thoracic Society, p. 370</ref>
| |
| | |
| NTM diseases have been seen in most industrialized countries, where incidence rates vary from 1.0 to 1.8 cases per 100,000 persons. Recent studies, including one done in Ontario, Canada, suggest that incidence is much higher. Pulmonary NTM is estimated by some experts in the field to be at least ten times more common than TB in the U.S., with at least 150,000 cases per year.
| |
| | |
| Most NTM disease cases involve the species MAC, ''M. abscessus'', ''M. fortuitum'' and ''M. kansasii''. ''M. abscessus'' is being seen with increasing frequency and is particularly difficult to treat.<ref name="ATS370"/>
| |
| | |
| Mayo Clinic researchers found a three-fold increased incidence of cutaneous NTM infection between 1980 to 2009 in a population-based study of residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota. The most common species were ''M. marinum'', accounting for 45% of cases and ''M. chelonae'' and ''M. abscessus'', together accounting for 32% of patients.<ref name=Mayo>{{cite journal|last=Wentworth|first=A.B.|coauthors=Drage L.A., Wengenack N.L., Wilson J.W., Lohse C.M.|title=Increased Incidence of Cutaneous Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection, 1980 to 2009: A Population-Based Study.|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|date=4 December 2012|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.06.029|pmid=23218797|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23218797|accessdate=13 December 2012|volume=88|issue=1|pages=38–45}}</ref> ''M. chelonae'' infection outbreaks, as a consequence of tattooing with infected ink, have been reported in the United Kingdom<ref name=Sergeant>{{cite journal|last=Sergeant|first=A.|coauthors=Conaglen P., Laurenson I.F., Claxton P., Mathers M.E., Kavanagh G.M., Tidman M.J.|title=Mycobacterium chelonae infection: a complication of tattooing.|journal=Clinical and Experimental Dermatology|date=25 July 2012|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2230.2012.04421.x|pmid=22831709|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22831709|accessdate=13 December 2012|volume=38|issue=2|pages=140–2}}</ref> and the United States.<ref name=CDC>{{cite journal|last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|title=Tattoo-associated nontuberculous mycobacterial skin infections--multiple states, 2011-2012.|journal=CDC - Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)|date=24 August 2012|volume=61|issue=33|pages=635–6|pmid=22914227|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22914227|accessdate=13 December 2012}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Rapidly growing NTMs are implicated in catheter infections, post-LASIK, skin and soft tissue (especially post-cosmetic surgery) and pulmonary infections.<ref>De Groote, MA and Huitt G. Infections due to Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases'' 2006;42:1756–1763.</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Pathogenesis==
| |
| | |
| The most common clinical manifestation of NTM disease is lung disease, but lymphatic, skin/soft tissue, and disseminated disease are also important.<ref name="ATS370"/>
| |
| | |
| Pulmonary disease caused by NTM is most often seen in post-menopausal women. It is not uncommon for cystic fibrosis, Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency, Marfan's and Primary Ciliary Dyskenesia patients to have pulmonary NTM colonization and/or infection. Pulmonary NTM can also be found in individuals with [[AIDS]] and malignant disease. It can be caused by many NTM species which depends on region, but most frequently MAC and ''M. kansasii''.<ref name="G225">Grange, p. 225</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[Lymphadenitis]] can be caused by various species that is different from one place to another; but again, MAC is the main cause worldwide. Most patient are aged less than 5 years, but the incidence is rare for children having [[BCG vaccine]]. The disease has a high curability.<ref name="G223">Grange, p. 223</ref>
| |
| | |
| Soft tissue disease due to NTM infection include post-traumatic abscesses (caused by rapid growers), [[swimming pool granuloma]] (caused by ''M. marinum'') and [[Buruli ulcer]] (caused by ''M. ulcerans'' or ''M. shinshuense''). Post-traumatic abscesses most commonly occur after injection.<ref name="G223"/>
| |
| | |
| Disseminated mycobacterial disease was common in US and European AIDS patients in the 1980s and early 1990s, though the incidence has declined in developed nations since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. It can also occur in individuals after having renal transplantation.<ref name="G225"/>
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| | | [[Xyz diagnostic study of choice|Diagnostic study of choice]] | [[Xyz history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Xyz physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Xyz laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Xyz electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Xyz x ray|X-Ray Findings]] | [[Xyz echocardiography and ultrasound|Echocardiography and Ultrasound]] | [[Xyz CT scan|CT-Scan Findings]] | [[Xyz MRI|MRI Findings]] | [[Xyz other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Xyz other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| Diagnosis of opportunistic mycobacteria is made by repeated isolation and identification of the pathogen with compatible clinical and radiological features. Similar to ''M. tuberculosis'', most nontuberculous mycobacteria can be detected microscopically and grow on [[Löwenstein-Jensen medium]].<ref name="G225"/> Many reference centres now use a nucleic acid-based method such as sequence differences detection in the gene coding for 16S ribosomal RNA to identify the species.<ref name="Grange, p. 226"/>
| |
| | |
| Pulmonary NTM disease diagnosis requires both identification of the mycobacterium in the patient's lung(s) as well as a high resolution CT scan of the lungs.
| |
| | |
| ==Research==
| |
| Virginia Tech is conducting a home water supply and patient sputum comparison study to determine source of infection in pulmonary NTM cases. This study was funded by NTM Info & Research and results will be available by mid-2009. http://www.ntminfo.org/default_aspx/p/research.aspx {{dead link|date=May 2013}}
| |
| | |
| An epidemiology study on pulmonary NTM is currently being conducted by National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Disease and Kaiser Permanente in southern California. Results will be available by mid-2009. This study was funded by NTM Info & Research.
| |
| | |
| French researchers finalized the genome sequence of ''M. abscessus'' in March 2008. The genome is available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=genome&cmd=search&term=abscessus.
| |
| | |
| McGill University in Montreal, Canada is conducting a study to determine the genome sequence (type strain) of M. avium intracellulare. This study is partially funded by NTM Info & Research and results will be available by late 2009.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| ===Antimicrobial regimen===
| | [[Xyz medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Xyz interventions|Interventions]] | [[Xyz surgery|Surgery]] | [[Xyz primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Xyz secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Xyz cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Xyz future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| | |
| :* [[Mycobacterium simiae]] <ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST| issn = 1073-449X| volume = 175| issue = 4| pages = 367–416| last1 = Griffith| first1 = David E.| last2 = Aksamit| first2 = Timothy| last3 = Brown-Elliott| first3 = Barbara A.| last4 = Catanzaro| first4 = Antonino| last5 = Daley| first5 = Charles| last6 = Gordin| first6 = Fred| last7 = Holland| first7 = Steven M.| last8 = Horsburgh| first8 = Robert| last9 = Huitt| first9 = Gwen| last10 = Iademarco| first10 = Michael F.| last11 = Iseman| first11 = Michael| last12 = Olivier| first12 = Kenneth| last13 = Ruoss| first13 = Stephen| last14 = von Reyn| first14 = C. Fordham| last15 = Wallace| first15 = Richard J.| last16 = Winthrop| first16 = Kevin| last17 = ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee| last18 = American Thoracic Society| last19 = Infectious Disease Society of America| title = An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases| journal = American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine| date = 2007-02-15| pmid = 17277290}}</ref>
| |
| ::* Preferred regimen: [[Clarithromycin]] {{and}} [[Moxifloxacin]] {{and}} [[Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole]]
| |
| | |
| | |
| :* [[Mycobacterium foruitum]] <ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST| issn = 1073-449X| volume = 175| issue = 4| pages = 367–416| last1 = Griffith| first1 = David E.| last2 = Aksamit| first2 = Timothy| last3 = Brown-Elliott| first3 = Barbara A.| last4 = Catanzaro| first4 = Antonino| last5 = Daley| first5 = Charles| last6 = Gordin| first6 = Fred| last7 = Holland| first7 = Steven M.| last8 = Horsburgh| first8 = Robert| last9 = Huitt| first9 = Gwen| last10 = Iademarco| first10 = Michael F.| last11 = Iseman| first11 = Michael| last12 = Olivier| first12 = Kenneth| last13 = Ruoss| first13 = Stephen| last14 = von Reyn| first14 = C. Fordham| last15 = Wallace| first15 = Richard J.| last16 = Winthrop| first16 = Kevin| last17 = ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee| last18 = American Thoracic Society| last19 = Infectious Disease Society of America| title = An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases| journal = American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine| date = 2007-02-15| pmid = 17277290}}</ref>
| |
| ::* 1. '''In vitro isolates '''
| |
| :::* Susceptible agents: [[Amikacin]] (100%), [[Ciprofloxacin]] and [[Ofloxacin]] (100%), [[Sulfonamides]] (100%), [[Cefoxitin]] (50%), [[Imipenem]] (100%), [[Clarithromycin]] (80%), and [[Doxycycline]] (50%)
| |
| ::* 2. '''Disease'''
| |
| :::* 2.1 '''M. fortuitum lung disease'''
| |
| ::::* At least two agents with in vitro activity against the clinical isolate should be given for at least 12 months of negative sputum cultures
| |
| :::* 2.2 '''Serious skin, bone, and soft tissue M fortuitum disease'''
| |
| ::::* At least two agents with in vitro activity against the clinical isolate should be given for a minimum of 4 months; For bone infections, 6 months of therapy is recommended
| |
| | |
| :* [[Mycobacterium scrofulaceum]] <ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST| issn = 1073-449X| volume = 175| issue = 4| pages = 367–416| last1 = Griffith| first1 = David E.| last2 = Aksamit| first2 = Timothy| last3 = Brown-Elliott| first3 = Barbara A.| last4 = Catanzaro| first4 = Antonino| last5 = Daley| first5 = Charles| last6 = Gordin| first6 = Fred| last7 = Holland| first7 = Steven M.| last8 = Horsburgh| first8 = Robert| last9 = Huitt| first9 = Gwen| last10 = Iademarco| first10 = Michael F.| last11 = Iseman| first11 = Michael| last12 = Olivier| first12 = Kenneth| last13 = Ruoss| first13 = Stephen| last14 = von Reyn| first14 = C. Fordham| last15 = Wallace| first15 = Richard J.| last16 = Winthrop| first16 = Kevin| last17 = ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee| last18 = American Thoracic Society| last19 = Infectious Disease Society of America| title = An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases| journal = American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine| date = 2007-02-15| pmid = 17277290}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ::* Susceptibility data are lacking and standard treatment regimens for M. scrofulaceum are controversial, emphasizing the need to perform susceptibility testing on confirmed disease-producing isolates of M. scrofulaceum
| |
| | |
| ==Gallery==
| |
| <gallery>
| |
| | |
| Image: 4567.jpg| Mycobacterial Infections-Atypical. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/disease.jsf?diseaseId=12 With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="www.atlasdermatologico.com.br">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/disease.jsf?diseaseId=291>
| |
| | |
| </gallery>
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| <references/>
| |
| {{reflist|2}}
| |
| | |
| ==External Links==
| |
| *[http://www.ntmhandbook.com/ The NTM Handbook: A Guide for Patients with Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections Including MAC]
| |
| *[http://www.ntminfo.org/ NTM Info & Research, a nonprofit research and patient support organization]
| |
| *[http://www.stopntmnow.com/ Stop NTM Now]
| |
| *[http://www.nationaljewish.org/disease-info/diseases/nts-mycobac/progs/index.aspx National Jewish Medical and Research Center]
| |
| *[http://www.uthct.edu/research/microbiology/forthepatient.asp University of Texas, Tyler Health Center]
| |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Bacterial diseases]]
| | ==Case Studies== |
| [[Category:Bacterial diseases]]
| | [[Xyz case study one|Case #1]] |
| [[Category:Bacteriology]] | |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Pulmonology]] | | [[Category: (name of the system)]] |
| [[Category:Infectious Disease Project]]
| |
| Mycobacterium foruitum
| |