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  Image          = Med23011902.jpg|
  Caption        = Medullary nephrocalcinosis. <br> [http://www.radswiki.net Image courtesy of RadsWiki]|
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{{Nephrocalcinosis}}


'''Contributors:'''  [[User:zorkun|Cafer Zorkun]] M.D., PhD.
{{CMG}}, {{AE}} [[User:zorkun|Cafer Zorkun]], M.D., PhD.


{{EH}}
{{SK}} Albright's calcinosis


==Overview==
==[[Nephrocalcinosis overview|Overview]]==


'''Nephrocalcinosis''', once known as '''Albright's calcinosis''' after [[Fuller Albright]], is a term originally used to describe deposition of [[calcium]] salts in the [[renal]] [[parenchyma]] due to [[hyperparathyroidism]]. It is now more commonly used to describe diffuse, fine, renal parenchymal calcification on radiology.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nephrocalcinosis | url=http://www.emedicine.com/RADIO/topic470.htm | publisher=[[eMedicine]] | date=2003-09-09 | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> During its early stages, nephrocalcinosis is visible on [[x-ray]], and appears as a fine granular mottling over the renal outlines. These outlines eventually come together to form a dense mass.<ref>{{cite web | title=Albright's Nephrocalcinosis | url=http://e-radiography.net/radpath/a/albrights.htm | publisher=[[e-radiology]] | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref>
==[[Nephrocalcinosis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
It is most commonly seen as an incidental finding with [[medullary sponge kidney]] on an abdominal x-ray.
However, it may be severe enough to cause (as well as be caused by) [[renal tubular acidosis]] or even [[end stage renal failure]], due to disruption of the renal tissue by the deposited calcium.


==Differential Diagnosis==
==[[Nephrocalcinosis classification|Classification]]==


* [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
==[[Nephrocalcinosis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
* [[Medullary sponge kidney]]
* [[Renal tubular acidosis]]
* [[Hypercalcemia]]


==Stages of nephrocalcinosis==
==[[Nephrocalcinosis causes|Causes]]==
*Chemical nephrocalcinosis
*Microscopic nephrocalcinosis
*Macroscopic nephrocalcinosis


==Causes==
==[[Nephrocalcinosis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Nephrocalcinosis from other Diseases]]==
===Causes of cortical nephrocalcinosis===


* Acute cortical necrosis. May be caused by:
==[[Nephrocalcinosis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
** [[Placenta abruptio]]
** [[Placenta previa]]
** [[abortion|Septic abortion]]
** [[Transfusion reaction]]s
** [[Burn]]s
** [[Insect bite|Snake bite]]
** [[dehydration|Severe dehydration]]
** [[Shock (medical)|Shock]]
** [[heart failure|Severe heart failure]]
** [[Abdominal aorta|Abdominal aortic]] [[surgery]]
* [[glomerulonephritis|Chronic glomerulonephritis]]
* [[Alport syndrome]]
* [[hypercalcemia|Prolonged hypercalcemia]] and/or [[hypercalciuria]]
* [[Renal transplant]] [[transplant rejection| rejection]]
* [[Sickle cell disease]] (rare)
* [[pyridoxine deficiency|Vitamin B6 deficiency]] ([[pyridoxine deficiency]]) (rare)


===Causes of medullary nephrocalcinosis===
==[[Nephrocalcinosis risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
* [[Medullary sponge kidney]]
* [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
* [[Renal tubular acidosis]] (specifically distal RTA)
* [[Renal]] [[tuberculosis]]
* [[Renal papillary necrosis]]
* [[Hyperoxaluria]]


===Other causes of [[hypercalcemia]] (and thus [[hypercalciuria]])===
==[[Nephrocalcinosis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
* Immobilization (leading to hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria)
* [[Milk-alkali syndrome]]
* [[Hypervitaminosis D]]
* [[Sarcoidosis]]


==Diagnostic Findings==
==Diagnosis==


'''Patient #1'''
[[Nephrocalcinosis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms ]] | [[ Nephrocalcinosis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis x ray|X-Ray]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis CT|CT]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis MRI|MRI]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]


[http://www.radswiki.net Images courtesy of RadsWiki]
==Treatment==
[[Nephrocalcinosis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis surgery |Surgery]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


<gallery>
==Case Studies==
Image:Medullary-sponge-kidney-003.jpg|[[Medullary sponge kidney]]
:[[Nephrocalcinosis case study one|Case #1]]
</gallery>


'''Patient #2'''


[http://www.radswiki.net Images courtesy of RadsWiki]


<gallery>
{{Nephrology}}
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Image:Med23011902.jpg
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==References==
[[Category:Nephrology]]
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{{Nephrology}}
{{Medicine}}
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Latest revision as of 16:42, 29 September 2012

Nephrocalcinosis
Medullary nephrocalcinosis.
Image courtesy of RadsWiki

Nephrocalcinosis Microchapters

Home

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Nephrocalcinosis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

X Ray

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1], Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., PhD.

Synonyms and keywords: Albright's calcinosis

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Nephrocalcinosis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | X-Ray | CT | MRI | Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1


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