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==Overview==
==Overview==
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
Common risk factors in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma include the family history of cancer, smoking, some disease in ear, nose, and throat, inadequate consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables, heavily alcohol consuming, herbal products and exposure to wood dust.
 
OR
 
The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
 
OR
 
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
 
OR
 
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
===Common Risk Factors===
 
*Common risk factors in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma include:<ref name="ChangAdami2006">{{cite journal|last1=Chang|first1=E. T.|last2=Adami|first2=H.-O.|title=The Enigmatic Epidemiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma|journal=Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention|volume=15|issue=10|year=2006|pages=1765–1777|issn=1055-9965|doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0353}}</ref><ref name="FriborgWohlfahrt2005">{{cite journal|last1=Friborg|first1=Jeppe|last2=Wohlfahrt|first2=Jan|last3=Koch|first3=Anders|last4=Storm|first4=Hans|last5=Olsen|first5=Ove R.|last6=Melbye|first6=Mads|title=Cancer Susceptibility in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Families—A Population-Based Cohort Study|journal=Cancer Research|volume=65|issue=18|year=2005|pages=8567–8572|issn=0008-5472|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-4208}}</ref><ref name="GuoJohnson2009">{{cite journal|last1=Guo|first1=Xiuchan|last2=Johnson|first2=Randall C.|last3=Deng|first3=Hong|last4=Liao|first4=Jian|last5=Guan|first5=Li|last6=Nelson|first6=George W.|last7=Tang|first7=Mingzhong|last8=Zheng|first8=Yuming|last9=de The|first9=Guy|last10=O'Brien|first10=Stephen J.|last11=Winkler|first11=Cheryl A.|last12=Zeng|first12=Yi|title=Evaluation of nonviral risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a high-risk population of Southern China|journal=International Journal of Cancer|volume=124|issue=12|year=2009|pages=2942–2947|issn=00207136|doi=10.1002/ijc.24293}}</ref><ref name="JiZhang2011">{{cite journal|last1=Ji|first1=Xuemei|last2=Zhang|first2=Weidong|last3=Xie|first3=Conghua|last4=Wang|first4=Bicheng|last5=Zhang|first5=Gong|last6=Zhou|first6=Fuxiang|title=Nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk by histologic type in central China: Impact of smoking, alcohol and family history|journal=International Journal of Cancer|volume=129|issue=3|year=2011|pages=724–732|issn=00207136|doi=10.1002/ijc.25696}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
OR
| author = [[J. M. Yuan]], [[X. L. Wang]], [[Y. B. Xiang]], [[Y. T. Gao]], [[R. K. Ross]] & [[M. C. Yu]]
| title = Non-dietary risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Shanghai, China
| journal = [[International journal of cancer]]
| volume = 85
| issue = 3
| pages = 364–369
| year = 2000
| month = February
| pmid = 10652428
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Wiwat Ekburanawat]], [[Chatchai Ekpanyaskul]], [[Paul Brennan]], [[Chaiyaporn Kanka]], [[Kitisak Tepsuwan]], [[Somnuk Temiyastith]], [[Tawin Klinvimol]], [[Surathat Pongnikorn]] & [[Suleeporn Sangrajrang]]
| title = Evaluation of non-viral risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Thailand: results from a case-control study
| journal = [[Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP]]
| volume = 11
| issue = 4
| pages = 929–932
| year = 2010
| month =
| pmid = 21133603
}}</ref><ref name="MarronBoffetta2009">{{cite journal|last1=Marron|first1=M.|last2=Boffetta|first2=P.|last3=Zhang|first3=Z.-F.|last4=Zaridze|first4=D.|last5=Wunsch-Filho|first5=V.|last6=Winn|first6=D. M|last7=Wei|first7=Q.|last8=Talamini|first8=R.|last9=Szeszenia-Dabrowska|first9=N.|last10=Sturgis|first10=E. M|last11=Smith|first11=E.|last12=Schwartz|first12=S. M|last13=Rudnai|first13=P.|last14=Purdue|first14=M. P|last15=Olshan|first15=A. F|last16=Eluf-Neto|first16=J.|last17=Muscat|first17=J.|last18=Morgenstern|first18=H.|last19=Menezes|first19=A.|last20=McClean|first20=M.|last21=Matos|first21=E.|last22=Mates|first22=I. N.|last23=Lissowska|first23=J.|last24=Levi|first24=F.|last25=Lazarus|first25=P.|last26=Vecchia|first26=C. L.|last27=Koifman|first27=S.|last28=Kelsey|first28=K.|last29=Herrero|first29=R.|last30=Hayes|first30=R. B|last31=Franceschi|first31=S.|last32=Fernandez|first32=L.|last33=Fabianova|first33=E.|last34=Daudt|first34=A. W|last35=Maso|first35=L. D.|last36=Curado|first36=M. P.|last37=Cadoni|first37=G.|last38=Chen|first38=C.|last39=Castellsague|first39=X.|last40=Boccia|first40=S.|last41=Benhamou|first41=S.|last42=Ferro|first42=G.|last43=Berthiller|first43=J.|last44=Brennan|first44=P.|last45=Moller|first45=H.|last46=Hashibe|first46=M.|title=Cessation of alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and the reversal of head and neck cancer risk|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology|volume=39|issue=1|year=2009|pages=182–196|issn=0300-5771|doi=10.1093/ije/dyp291}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[A. Hildesheim]], [[S. West]], [[E. DeVeyra]], [[M. F. De Guzman]], [[A. Jurado]], [[C. Jones]], [[J. Imai]] & [[Y. Hinuma]]
| title = Herbal medicine use, Epstein-Barr virus, and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
| journal = [[Cancer research]]
| volume = 52
| issue = 11
| pages = 3048–3051
| year = 1992
| month = June
| pmid = 1317256
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[S. West]], [[A. Hildesheim]] & [[M. Dosemeci]]
| title = Non-viral risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the Philippines: results from a case-control study
| journal = [[International journal of cancer]]
| volume = 55
| issue = 5
| pages = 722–727
| year = 1993
| month = November
| pmid = 7503957
}}</ref><ref name="HsuChen2009">{{cite journal|last1=Hsu|first1=W.-L.|last2=Chen|first2=J.-Y.|last3=Chien|first3=Y.-C.|last4=Liu|first4=M.-Y.|last5=You|first5=S.-L.|last6=Hsu|first6=M.-M.|last7=Yang|first7=C.-S.|last8=Chen|first8=C.-J.|title=Independent Effect of EBV and Cigarette Smoking on Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A 20-Year Follow-Up Study on 9,622 Males without Family History in Taiwan|journal=Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention|volume=18|issue=4|year=2009|pages=1218–1226|issn=1055-9965|doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-1175}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[M. C. Yu]], [[D. H. Garabrant]], [[T. B. Huang]] & [[B. E. Henderson]]
| title = Occupational and other non-dietary risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Guangzhou, China
| journal = [[International journal of cancer]]
| volume = 45
| issue = 6
| pages = 1033–1039
| year = 1990
| month = June
| pmid = 2351484
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[R. W. Armstrong]], [[P. B. Imrey]], [[M. S. Lye]], [[M. J. Armstrong]], [[M. C. Yu]] & [[S. Sani]]
| title = Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysian Chinese: occupational exposures to particles, formaldehyde and heat
| journal = [[International journal of epidemiology]]
| volume = 29
| issue = 6
| pages = 991–998
| year = 2000
| month = December
| pmid = 11101539
}}</ref><ref name="Yang2005">{{cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=X.(R.|title=Evaluation of Risk Factors for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in High-Risk Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Families in Taiwan|journal=Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention|volume=14|issue=4|year=2005|pages=900–905|issn=1055-9965|doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0680}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[A. Hildesheim]], [[M. Dosemeci]], [[C. C. Chan]], [[C. J. Chen]], [[Y. J. Cheng]], [[M. M. Hsu]], [[I. H. Chen]], [[B. F. Mittl]], [[B. Sun]], [[P. H. Levine]], [[J. Y. Chen]], [[L. A. Brinton]] & [[C. S. Yang]]
| title = Occupational exposure to wood, formaldehyde, and solvents and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
| journal = [[Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology]]
| volume = 10
| issue = 11
| pages = 1145–1153
| year = 2001
| month = November
| pmid = 11700262
}}</ref>


The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].


OR
**Family history of cancer (especially nasopharyngeal carcinoma): Family history of nasopharyngeal carcinomas can increases the risk of developing NPC to 4 to 10- fold rather than normal individuals.  
 
**Tobacco smoking: Developing NPC in smokers is dose-dependent. Individuals with smoking more than 30 pack-year have a higher risk of developing NPC.
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
**Heavily alcohol consuming: The effects of alcohol on NPC is different based on the amount of consumption. Although heavy alcohol consumption is correlated with NPC, the low volume can have protective effects.
===Common Risk Factors===
**Some diseases in the ear, nose or throat: Chronic rhinitis, sinusitis, nasal polyp, otitis media
*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
**Family history of cancer (especially nasopharyngeal carcinoma)
**Some diseases in the ear, nose or throat : chronic rhinitis, sinusitis, nasal polyp, otitis media
**Inadequate consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables  
**Inadequate consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables  
**Heavily alcohol consuming
**Herbal products such as herbal medicine and traditional Chinese herbal tea
**Exposure to wood dust
**
**
===Less Common Risk Factors===
*Less common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
**[Risk factor 1]
**[Risk factor 2]
**[Risk factor 3]
. Cantonese-style salted fish and other salt-preserved food The association between salted fish intakes and NPC has been firmly established, with effect sizes ranging from 1.78 to 20.2 for the salted fish intake during childhood period and from 1.38 to 296 for the adulthood (Table 1). In the early 1970s, Ho first proposed consumption of Cantonese-style salted fish as a potential risk factor for NPC [41]. A case–control study by Geser et al. [42] and Armstrong et al. [14] in 1978 showed that the consumption of salted fish is a risk factor for NPC. Ho et al. (1978) [43] further pointed to the association between salted fish and NPC in a study of 2041 cases from Hong Kong and 205 cases from Los Angeles county. At least 11 studies demonstrated positive associations between salted fish consumption and NPC risk since the 1970s (Table 1). Notably, two large-scale case–control studies, one (1387 cases/1459 controls) conducted in the Guangdong province [17] and the other (1049 cases/785 controls) conducted in the Guangxi province of southern China [29], supported the association between the consumption of salt-preserved fish and an increased risk of NPC [17]. Only a study in Thailand (327 cases/327 controls) indicated that there is no significant association between salted fish intake and NPC risk (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 0.84–2.25) [39]. The main reason for no association might lie in the power issue due to the small sample sizes. Salt-preserved fish is a traditional favourite item in the Cantonese  et. It has been recognized that salt-preserved fish contain N-nitrosamine, which might be a source of carcinogenic chemicals that can act on the nasopharynx of susceptible individuals. It is notable that salted fish has a greater effect on NPC risk when consumed during childhood compared to adulthood. A case–control study conducted by Jia indicated that the odds ratio for salted fish intake was 1.58 (95% CI = 1.20–2.09) during adulthood and was 2.45 (95% CI = 2.03–2.95) during childhood (Table 1). Individuals consuming salt-preserved fish during childhood might have more carcinogens accumulated in their bodies, or consume this food for longer periods of time. However, no study has ever been conducted to explain why the nasopharynx site is more sensitive to N-nitrosamine or other chemical agents acquired by dietary intake compared to other anatomic sites. Other salt-preserved foods have similar risk effects on NPC risk (Table 1). A meta-analysis conducted by Gallicchio in 2006 [44], in which the authors reviewed a total of 16 case–control studies, suggested that individuals with the highest preserved vegetable intake exhibited an approximately 2-fold increase in the risk of NPC compared to individuals with the lowest preserved vegetable intake (odds ratio = 2.04; 95% CI = 1.43–2.92). Multiple cancers have been recognized as being associated with the intake of foods containing N-nitrosamine, i.e., esophageal cancer. No study has suggested NPC is correlated with other types of environment-driven cancers. This might be due to the nature of nitrosamine conversion, in that the nitrosamine must be converted to an active carcinogenic metabolite by a set of enzymes, and the location of these specific enzymes might determine the site of the cancer. It remains unclear whether this carcinogen could interact with other carcinogenic factors (i.e., genetic factors, and/or a nasopharynx-specific set of enzymes) to play specific roles in the carcinogenesis of NPC. 3.2. Fresh vegetables and fruits Adequate fruit and vegetable intake is associated with 30–50% decrease in NPC risk (Table 1). Conversely, failure to eat adequate vegetables and fruits increases NPC risk. The protective effects
==Overview==
Common risk factors in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma are Chinese (or Asian) ancestry, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) exposure, cigarette smoking, and heavy alcohol intake.
==Risk Factors==
Common risk factors in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma are:
*Chinese (or Asian) ancestry
*[[Epstein-Barr virus]] (EBV) exposure
*Heavy alcohol intake
*Cigarette smoking
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

Revision as of 19:43, 25 February 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Homa Najafi, M.D.[2]Faizan Sheraz, M.D. [3]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma include the family history of cancer, smoking, some disease in ear, nose, and throat, inadequate consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables, heavily alcohol consuming, herbal products and exposure to wood dust.

Risk Factors

Common Risk Factors


    • Family history of cancer (especially nasopharyngeal carcinoma): Family history of nasopharyngeal carcinomas can increases the risk of developing NPC to 4 to 10- fold rather than normal individuals.
    • Tobacco smoking: Developing NPC in smokers is dose-dependent. Individuals with smoking more than 30 pack-year have a higher risk of developing NPC.
    • Heavily alcohol consuming: The effects of alcohol on NPC is different based on the amount of consumption. Although heavy alcohol consumption is correlated with NPC, the low volume can have protective effects.
    • Some diseases in the ear, nose or throat: Chronic rhinitis, sinusitis, nasal polyp, otitis media
    • Inadequate consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables
    • Herbal products such as herbal medicine and traditional Chinese herbal tea
    • Exposure to wood dust

References

  1. ↑ Chang, E. T.; Adami, H.-O. (2006). "The Enigmatic Epidemiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma". Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 15 (10): 1765–1777. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0353. ISSN 1055-9965.
  2. ↑ Friborg, Jeppe; Wohlfahrt, Jan; Koch, Anders; Storm, Hans; Olsen, Ove R.; Melbye, Mads (2005). "Cancer Susceptibility in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Families—A Population-Based Cohort Study". Cancer Research. 65 (18): 8567–8572. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-4208. ISSN 0008-5472.
  3. ↑ Guo, Xiuchan; Johnson, Randall C.; Deng, Hong; Liao, Jian; Guan, Li; Nelson, George W.; Tang, Mingzhong; Zheng, Yuming; de The, Guy; O'Brien, Stephen J.; Winkler, Cheryl A.; Zeng, Yi (2009). "Evaluation of nonviral risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a high-risk population of Southern China". International Journal of Cancer. 124 (12): 2942–2947. doi:10.1002/ijc.24293. ISSN 0020-7136.
  4. ↑ Ji, Xuemei; Zhang, Weidong; Xie, Conghua; Wang, Bicheng; Zhang, Gong; Zhou, Fuxiang (2011). "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk by histologic type in central China: Impact of smoking, alcohol and family history". International Journal of Cancer. 129 (3): 724–732. doi:10.1002/ijc.25696. ISSN 0020-7136.
  5. ↑ J. M. Yuan, X. L. Wang, Y. B. Xiang, Y. T. Gao, R. K. Ross & M. C. Yu (2000). "Non-dietary risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Shanghai, China". International journal of cancer. 85 (3): 364–369. PMID 10652428. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Wiwat Ekburanawat, Chatchai Ekpanyaskul, Paul Brennan, Chaiyaporn Kanka, Kitisak Tepsuwan, Somnuk Temiyastith, Tawin Klinvimol, Surathat Pongnikorn & Suleeporn Sangrajrang (2010). "Evaluation of non-viral risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Thailand: results from a case-control study". Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP. 11 (4): 929–932. PMID 21133603.
  7. ↑ Marron, M.; Boffetta, P.; Zhang, Z.-F.; Zaridze, D.; Wunsch-Filho, V.; Winn, D. M; Wei, Q.; Talamini, R.; Szeszenia-Dabrowska, N.; Sturgis, E. M; Smith, E.; Schwartz, S. M; Rudnai, P.; Purdue, M. P; Olshan, A. F; Eluf-Neto, J.; Muscat, J.; Morgenstern, H.; Menezes, A.; McClean, M.; Matos, E.; Mates, I. N.; Lissowska, J.; Levi, F.; Lazarus, P.; Vecchia, C. L.; Koifman, S.; Kelsey, K.; Herrero, R.; Hayes, R. B; Franceschi, S.; Fernandez, L.; Fabianova, E.; Daudt, A. W; Maso, L. D.; Curado, M. P.; Cadoni, G.; Chen, C.; Castellsague, X.; Boccia, S.; Benhamou, S.; Ferro, G.; Berthiller, J.; Brennan, P.; Moller, H.; Hashibe, M. (2009). "Cessation of alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and the reversal of head and neck cancer risk". International Journal of Epidemiology. 39 (1): 182–196. doi:10.1093/ije/dyp291. ISSN 0300-5771.
  8. ↑ A. Hildesheim, S. West, E. DeVeyra, M. F. De Guzman, A. Jurado, C. Jones, J. Imai & Y. Hinuma (1992). "Herbal medicine use, Epstein-Barr virus, and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma". Cancer research. 52 (11): 3048–3051. PMID 1317256. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ S. West, A. Hildesheim & M. Dosemeci (1993). "Non-viral risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the Philippines: results from a case-control study". International journal of cancer. 55 (5): 722–727. PMID 7503957. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Hsu, W.-L.; Chen, J.-Y.; Chien, Y.-C.; Liu, M.-Y.; You, S.-L.; Hsu, M.-M.; Yang, C.-S.; Chen, C.-J. (2009). "Independent Effect of EBV and Cigarette Smoking on Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A 20-Year Follow-Up Study on 9,622 Males without Family History in Taiwan". Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 18 (4): 1218–1226. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-1175. ISSN 1055-9965.
  11. ↑ M. C. Yu, D. H. Garabrant, T. B. Huang & B. E. Henderson (1990). "Occupational and other non-dietary risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Guangzhou, China". International journal of cancer. 45 (6): 1033–1039. PMID 2351484. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ R. W. Armstrong, P. B. Imrey, M. S. Lye, M. J. Armstrong, M. C. Yu & S. Sani (2000). "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysian Chinese: occupational exposures to particles, formaldehyde and heat". International journal of epidemiology. 29 (6): 991–998. PMID 11101539. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Yang, X.(R. (2005). "Evaluation of Risk Factors for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in High-Risk Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Families in Taiwan". Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 14 (4): 900–905. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0680. ISSN 1055-9965.
  14. ↑ A. Hildesheim, M. Dosemeci, C. C. Chan, C. J. Chen, Y. J. Cheng, M. M. Hsu, I. H. Chen, B. F. Mittl, B. Sun, P. H. Levine, J. Y. Chen, L. A. Brinton & C. S. Yang (2001). "Occupational exposure to wood, formaldehyde, and solvents and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma". Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 10 (11): 1145–1153. PMID 11700262. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)


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