Multivitamins and mortality: Difference between revisions
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** Although the multivitamin and dietary mineral intake patterns in these women were observed<ref name="pmid19208725">{{cite journal |author=Park K, Harnack L, Jacobs DR |title=Trends in dietary supplement use in a cohort of postmenopausal women from Iowa |journal=[[American Journal of Epidemiology]] |volume=169 |issue=7 |pages=887–92 |year=2009 |month=April |pmid=19208725 |pmc=2727219 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwn410 |url=}}</ref>, the serum levels of vitamins and minerals were not studied to correlate the occurrence of death with intake of the supplements. | ** Although the multivitamin and dietary mineral intake patterns in these women were observed<ref name="pmid19208725">{{cite journal |author=Park K, Harnack L, Jacobs DR |title=Trends in dietary supplement use in a cohort of postmenopausal women from Iowa |journal=[[American Journal of Epidemiology]] |volume=169 |issue=7 |pages=887–92 |year=2009 |month=April |pmid=19208725 |pmc=2727219 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwn410 |url=}}</ref>, the serum levels of vitamins and minerals were not studied to correlate the occurrence of death with intake of the supplements. | ||
In contradiction to the above findings, another prospective longitudinal cohort study that assessed the long term effects of calcium on cardiovascular mortality demonstrated an increase in death rates from all causes and cardiovascular diseases in those on calcium supplements<ref name="pmid23403980">{{cite journal |author=Michaëlsson K, Melhus H, Warensjö Lemming E, Wolk A, Byberg L |title=Long term calcium intake and rates of all cause and cardiovascular mortality: community based prospective longitudinal cohort study |journal=[[BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)]] |volume=346 |issue= |pages=f228 |year=2013 |pmid=23403980 |pmc=3571949 |doi= |url=}}</ref>. | In contradiction to the above findings, another recent prospective longitudinal cohort study that assessed the long term effects of calcium on cardiovascular mortality demonstrated an increase in death rates from all causes and cardiovascular diseases in those on calcium supplements<ref name="pmid23403980">{{cite journal |author=Michaëlsson K, Melhus H, Warensjö Lemming E, Wolk A, Byberg L |title=Long term calcium intake and rates of all cause and cardiovascular mortality: community based prospective longitudinal cohort study |journal=[[BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)]] |volume=346 |issue= |pages=f228 |year=2013 |pmid=23403980 |pmc=3571949 |doi= |url=}}</ref>. | ||
===Center for Disease Control and Prevention<ref name="pmid10909952">{{cite journal |author=Watkins ML, Erickson JD, Thun MJ, Mulinare J, Heath CW |title=Multivitamin use and mortality in a large prospective study |journal=[[American Journal of Epidemiology]] |volume=152 |issue=2 |pages=149–62 |year=2000 |month=July |pmid=10909952 |doi= |url=}}</ref>=== | ===Center for Disease Control and Prevention<ref name="pmid10909952">{{cite journal |author=Watkins ML, Erickson JD, Thun MJ, Mulinare J, Heath CW |title=Multivitamin use and mortality in a large prospective study |journal=[[American Journal of Epidemiology]] |volume=152 |issue=2 |pages=149–62 |year=2000 |month=July |pmid=10909952 |doi= |url=}}</ref>=== | ||
Revision as of 17:19, 7 May 2013
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aarti Narayan, M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Use of multivitamin supplements in the US has increased tremendously in past decade. According to the data from National Center for Health Statistics[1], over 50% of adults in the United States consume dietary supplements, with approximately 35% of adults taking multivitamin supplements. Annual multivitamin and dietary supplements sales total to $ 20 billion. Studies on multivitamin supplements have shown conflicting evidence on their effect on mortality, with some studies demonstrating an increase in risk of death, whereas others reporting no change in mortality.
Landmark Studies
Iowa Women's Health Study[2]
- This was an observational study that assessed the long term effects of multivitamin supplements on mortality. It included 38,772 women with a mean age of 61.6 years at baseline.
- The study found increase in risk of total mortality in women on dietary and vitamin supplements, with highest increase in mortality seen in women on iron supplements. Calcium supplement intake was associated with a decrease in mortality.
- Limitations of the study include:
- Confounding factors: Smoking status, alcohol intake, BMI and lipid levels were not excluded to minimize bias.
- The study heavily relied on questionnaire
- Compliance of the women taking multivitamin and mineral supplements was not considered
- Although the multivitamin and dietary mineral intake patterns in these women were observed[3], the serum levels of vitamins and minerals were not studied to correlate the occurrence of death with intake of the supplements.
In contradiction to the above findings, another recent prospective longitudinal cohort study that assessed the long term effects of calcium on cardiovascular mortality demonstrated an increase in death rates from all causes and cardiovascular diseases in those on calcium supplements[4].
Center for Disease Control and Prevention[5]
Other Studies
- A cohort study performed in Washington, assessed the long term effects of vitamin supplements on cardiovascular mortality using data collected from 77,719 residents of the Washington State aged 50 to 76 years by filling a self-administered questionnaire. The study demonstrated a small decrease in risk of cardiovascular mortality with vitamin E use and no effect on CVD mortality with use of vitamin C[6].
- A similar prospective cohort study done by Muntwyler et al.[7] on 83,639 healthy US male physicians, showed no significant effects of vitamin C and vitamin E intake on increase in cardiovascular mortality.
- A meta-analysis report from randomized controlled trials also showed no significant effects of multivitamin and multimineral intake on cardiovascular mortality[8].
References
- ↑ Radimer K, Bindewald B, Hughes J, Ervin B, Swanson C, Picciano MF (2004). "Dietary supplement use by US adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000". American Journal of Epidemiology. 160 (4): 339–49. doi:10.1093/aje/kwh207. PMID 15286019. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Mursu J, Robien K, Harnack LJ, Park K, Jacobs DR (2011). "Dietary supplements and mortality rate in older women: the Iowa Women's Health Study". Archives of Internal Medicine. 171 (18): 1625–33. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.445. PMID 21987192. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Park K, Harnack L, Jacobs DR (2009). "Trends in dietary supplement use in a cohort of postmenopausal women from Iowa". American Journal of Epidemiology. 169 (7): 887–92. doi:10.1093/aje/kwn410. PMC 2727219. PMID 19208725. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Michaëlsson K, Melhus H, Warensjö Lemming E, Wolk A, Byberg L (2013). "Long term calcium intake and rates of all cause and cardiovascular mortality: community based prospective longitudinal cohort study". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 346: f228. PMC 3571949. PMID 23403980.
- ↑ Watkins ML, Erickson JD, Thun MJ, Mulinare J, Heath CW (2000). "Multivitamin use and mortality in a large prospective study". American Journal of Epidemiology. 152 (2): 149–62. PMID 10909952. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Pocobelli G, Peters U, Kristal AR, White E (2009). "Use of supplements of multivitamins, vitamin C, and vitamin E in relation to mortality". American Journal of Epidemiology. 170 (4): 472–83. doi:10.1093/aje/kwp167. PMC 2727181. PMID 19596711. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Muntwyler J, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, Buring JE, Gaziano JM (2002). "Vitamin supplement use in a low-risk population of US male physicians and subsequent cardiovascular mortality". Archives of Internal Medicine. 162 (13): 1472–6. PMID 12090883. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Macpherson H, Pipingas A, Pase MP (2013). "Multivitamin-multimineral supplementation and mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 97 (2): 437–44. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.049304. PMID 23255568. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)