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==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==


The most potent risk factors in the development of multiple myeloma are:<ref>Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit&section=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref>
The table below lists the risk factors for multiple myeloma:
*Age: old age is the strongest risk factor for multiple myeloma.
 
*[[Lymphoproliferative disorders|Plasma cell diseases]]: Studies show patients with other plasma cell diseases will develop multiple myeloma later.
{| {{table}}
*Life-style: A study by the American Cancer Society found that being overweight increases a person's risk of developing multiple myeloma.
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Risk Factor'''
*Race: Epidemiological data show multiple myeloma is almost twice as common among black Americans as white Americans.
 
*Gender: Men are slightly more likely to get multiple myeloma than women.
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Description'''
* Family history of multiple myeloma<ref name="Bourguet-1985">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bourguet | first1 = CC. | last2 = Grufferman | first2 = S. | last3 = Delzell | first3 = E. | last4 = DeLong | first4 = ER. | last5 = Cohen | first5 = HJ. | title = Multiple myeloma and family history of cancer. A case-control study. | journal = Cancer | volume = 56 | issue = 8 | pages = 2133-9 | month = Oct | year = 1985 | doi =  | PMID = 4027940 }}</ref>
 
* Certain chemicals<ref name="Clapp-">{{Cite journal | last1 = Clapp | first1 = RW. | last2 = Jacobs | first2 = MM. | last3 = Loechler | first3 = EL. | title = Environmental and occupational causes of cancer: new evidence 2005-2007. | journal = Rev Environ Health | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 1-37 | month =  | year = | doi = | PMID = 18557596 }}</ref>
|-
* Farmers<ref name="Gallagher-1983">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Gallagher | first1 = RP. | last2 = Spinelli | first2 = JJ. | last3 = Elwood | first3 = JM. | last4 = Skippen | first4 = DH. | title = Allergies and agricultural exposure as risk factors for multiple myeloma. | journal = Br J Cancer | volume = 48 | issue = 6 | pages = 853-7 | month = Dec | year = 1983 | doi =  | PMID = 6652026 }}</ref>
 
* Petroleum workers
| '''Age'''||The chance to develop multiple myeloma increases as patients get older, where only 1% of multiple myeloma cases are diagnosed in patients younger than 35 years<ref>Press Releases. Compugen (2015)http://www.cgen.com/media-center/press-releases/-314 Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. Radiopaedia (2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/multiple-myeloma-1 Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref>
* Radiation exposure - from atom bombs or nuclear accidents
 
|-
 
| '''Race'''||African American and Native Pacific Islanders descents are at increased risk of developing multiple myeloma<ref>Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Pathophysiology Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref><ref>Seer stat fact sheet. National cancer institute (2015)http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/mulmy.html Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>
 
|-
 
| '''Gender'''||Males are more commonly affected with multiple myeloma than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1<ref>Multiple myeloma. Radiopaedia (2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/multiple-myeloma-1 Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref>
 
|-
 
| '''Having other plasma cell diseases'''||Studies have shown that patients with other plasma cell diseases such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance  develop multiple myeloma later in their lives.<ref>Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit&section=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref>
 
|-
 
| '''Family history'''||A familial predisposition to myeloma exists due to hyperphosphorylation of specific proteins that may contribute to a higher rates of multiple myeloma in certain groups.<ref name="Bourguet-1985">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bourguet | first1 = CC. | last2 = Grufferman | first2 = S. | last3 = Delzell | first3 = E. | last4 = DeLong | first4 = ER. | last5 = Cohen | first5 = HJ. | title = Multiple myeloma and family history of cancer. A case-control study. | journal = Cancer | volume = 56 | issue = 8 | pages = 2133-9 | month = Oct | year = 1985 | doi =  | PMID = 4027940 }}</ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Pathophysiology Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref name="pmid23926460">{{cite journal| author=Koura DT, Langston AA| title=Inherited predisposition to multiple myeloma. | journal=Ther Adv Hematol | year= 2013 | volume= 4 | issue= 4 | pages= 291-7 | pmid=23926460 | doi=10.1177/2040620713485375 | pmc=PMC3734900 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23926460  }} </ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref>
 
|-
 
| '''Obesity'''||A study by the American Cancer Society found that being overweight increases a person's risk of developing multiple myeloma<ref>Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit&section=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref>
 
|-
 
| '''Workplace exposures'''||Petroleum workers and farmers tend to have higher incidence of multiple myeloma relative to other occupations<ref name="Gallagher-1983">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Gallagher | first1 = RP. | last2 = Spinelli | first2 = JJ. | last3 = Elwood | first3 = JM. | last4 = Skippen | first4 = DH. | title = Allergies and agricultural exposure as risk factors for multiple myeloma. | journal = Br J Cancer | volume = 48 | issue = 6 | pages = 853-7 | month = Dec | year = 1983 | doi =  | PMID = 6652026 }}</ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit&section=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref>
 
|-
 
| '''Radiation'''|| Areas with previous history of atoms bombs or nuclear accidents had higher risk of multiple myeloma due to increased rate of radiation exposure <ref>Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit&section=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref>
|}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 00:37, 21 September 2015

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of multiple myeloma are old age, positive family history, and previous history of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS).

Risk Factors

The table below lists the risk factors for multiple myeloma:

Risk Factor Description
Age The chance to develop multiple myeloma increases as patients get older, where only 1% of multiple myeloma cases are diagnosed in patients younger than 35 years[1][2][3]
Race African American and Native Pacific Islanders descents are at increased risk of developing multiple myeloma[4][5][6]
Gender Males are more commonly affected with multiple myeloma than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1[7][8]
Having other plasma cell diseases Studies have shown that patients with other plasma cell diseases such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance develop multiple myeloma later in their lives.[9][10]
Family history A familial predisposition to myeloma exists due to hyperphosphorylation of specific proteins that may contribute to a higher rates of multiple myeloma in certain groups.[11][12][13][14]
Obesity A study by the American Cancer Society found that being overweight increases a person's risk of developing multiple myeloma[15][16]
Workplace exposures Petroleum workers and farmers tend to have higher incidence of multiple myeloma relative to other occupations[17][18][19]
Radiation Areas with previous history of atoms bombs or nuclear accidents had higher risk of multiple myeloma due to increased rate of radiation exposure [20][21]

References

  1. ↑ Press Releases. Compugen (2015)http://www.cgen.com/media-center/press-releases/-314 Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  2. ↑ Multiple myeloma. Radiopaedia (2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/multiple-myeloma-1 Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  3. ↑ Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015
  4. ↑ Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Pathophysiology Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  5. ↑ Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015
  6. ↑ Seer stat fact sheet. National cancer institute (2015)http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/mulmy.html Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  7. ↑ Multiple myeloma. Radiopaedia (2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/multiple-myeloma-1 Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  8. ↑ Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015
  9. ↑ Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit&section=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015
  10. ↑ Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015
  11. ↑ Bourguet, CC.; Grufferman, S.; Delzell, E.; DeLong, ER.; Cohen, HJ. (1985). "Multiple myeloma and family history of cancer. A case-control study". Cancer. 56 (8): 2133–9. PMID 4027940. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Pathophysiology Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  13. ↑ Koura DT, Langston AA (2013). "Inherited predisposition to multiple myeloma". Ther Adv Hematol. 4 (4): 291–7. doi:10.1177/2040620713485375. PMC 3734900. PMID 23926460.
  14. ↑ Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015
  15. ↑ Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit&section=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015
  16. ↑ Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015
  17. ↑ Gallagher, RP.; Spinelli, JJ.; Elwood, JM.; Skippen, DH. (1983). "Allergies and agricultural exposure as risk factors for multiple myeloma". Br J Cancer. 48 (6): 853–7. PMID 6652026. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit&section=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015
  19. ↑ Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015
  20. ↑ Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit&section=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015
  21. ↑ Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015


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