Mucormycosis classification
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Mucormycosis Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2]
Overview
Classification
- Mucormycosis may be classified based on the organ system involvement:
Rhinocerebral mucormycosis
Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is by far the most common form of the disease. It occurs most commonly in debilitated patients (specially those presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis), [1] another patient population that has been found to be susceptible to mucormycosis are those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. [2] Initial symptoms include eye or facial pain and facial numbness, followed by the onset of conjunctival injection, blurry vision, and soft tissue swelling. [3] [4] If untreated, infection usually spreads from the ethmoid sinus to the orbit, resulting in loss of extraocular muscle function and proptosis.The infection may rapidly spread into the neighboring tissues. Onset of signs and symptoms in the contralateral eye, with resulting bilateral proptosis, chemosis, vision loss, and ophthalmoplegia, is a sign that suggests the development of cavernous sinus thrombosis. Infection can also spread posteriorly from either the orbit or sinuses to the central nervous system. A bloody nasal discharge may be the first sign that infection has invaded through the terbinates and into the brain. Hematogenous spread may lead to development of mycotic aneurysms.
Pulmonary mucormycosis
Pumlonary mucormycosis most commonly occurs in neutropenic and stem cell transplant patients. [5] It develops as a result of inhalation or by hematogenous or lymphatic spread. Symptoms include dyspnea, cough, chest pain and hemoptysis (if there is vessel involvement through vascular invasion) [6] Disseminated disease leads to a poorer prognosis. [7]
Cutaneous mucormycosis
Disruption of the physiologic skin barrier may lead to invasion of the fungi causing mucormycosis and development of disease. Agents responsible for mucormycosis are not capable of penetrating the skin, however, trauma, skin maceration or burns may lead to disruption of the normal barrier. Contaminated surgical dressings may also lead
References
- ↑ "Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: Predisposing factors - Mcnulty - 1982 - The Laryngoscope - Wiley Online Library".
- ↑ "Epidemiology and Outcome of Mould Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic".
- ↑ Khor BS, Lee MH, Leu HS, Liu JW (2003). "Rhinocerebral mucormycosis in Taiwan". J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 36 (4): 266–9. PMID 14723256.
- ↑ "Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis: Evolution of the Disease and Treatment Options - Peterson - 1997 - The Laryngoscope - Wiley Online Library".
- ↑ Morrison VA, McGlave PB (1993). "Mucormycosis in the BMT population". Bone Marrow Transplant. 11 (5): 383–8. PMID 8504272.
- ↑ Tedder M, Spratt JA, Anstadt MP, Hegde SS, Tedder SD, Lowe JE (1994). "Pulmonary mucormycosis: results of medical and surgical therapy". Ann. Thorac. Surg. 57 (4): 1044–50. PMID 8166512.
- ↑ "Improved Outcome of Zygomycosis in Patients with Hematological Diseases?: Leukemia & Lymphoma: Vol 45, No 7".