Monkeypox overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Bassel Almarie, M.D.
Overview
Historical Perspective
Monkeypox virus was first identified in monkeys shipped from Singapore to Denmark in 1958[1]. First case of monkeypox in humans was reported in a hospitalized child in the Republic of the Congo in 1970[2]. Since 1970, monkeypox virus emerged and cases were recorded in 11 African countries. Until the late 1980s, more than 400 cases were recorded[3]. In the early 1990s, the number of reported cases dramatically declined to notably zero cases between 1993 and 1995[4]. In 1996, large number of cases were suspected in an outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo but only small number of cases were laboratory confirmed[5].
In 2003, 47 cases of monkeypox were confirmed in the United States. In the following years, there has been cases of monkeypox recorded periodically in non-endemic regions, predominately in the United Kingdom and one in Singapore. All of these cases were imported from endemic regions. In May 2022, case clusters of monkeypox were traced around the world over a short period of time. As of May 22, 2022, a total of 109 cases were recorded and 87 suspected around the world. On June 2, 2022, 780 cases of monkeypox were identified or reported to the World Health Organization[6].
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differential Diagnosis
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Risk factors for contacting monkeypox virus include close physical contact with infected person or animal (including direct contact with lesions, bodily fluids, and respiratory secretions), direct contact with contaminated materials such as towels[7][8]., eating undercooked meat[9], and complex exposures to infected animal (e.g., invasive bite or scratch that breaks the skin)[10].
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
EKG
Ultrasound
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Currently, there is no proven, safe treatment for monkeypox. To contain the outbreak, the CDC advises using smallpox vaccine, cidofovir, ST-246, and vaccinia immune globulin. Vaccines are not available to public as for now but in an event of larger outbreak, the CDC will establish guidelines on who to receive the vaccine.
Surgical Therapy
Surgery is not indicated for monkeypox. Monkeypox is usually a self-limiting disease with symptoms lasting from two to four weeks[11].
Primary Prevention
References
- ↑ Cho CT, Wenner HA (1973). "Monkeypox virus". Bacteriol Rev. 37 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1128/br.37.1.1-18.1973. PMC 413801. PMID 4349404.
- ↑ Ladnyj ID, Ziegler P, Kima E (1972). "A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo". Bull World Health Organ. 46 (5): 593–7. PMC 2480792. PMID 4340218.
- ↑ Sklenovská N, Van Ranst M (2018). "Emergence of Monkeypox as the Most Important Orthopoxvirus Infection in Humans". Front Public Health. 6: 241. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00241. PMC 6131633. PMID 30234087.
- ↑ Heymann DL, Szczeniowski M, Esteves K (1998). "Re-emergence of monkeypox in Africa: a review of the past six years". Br Med Bull. 54 (3): 693–702. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011720. PMID 10326294.
- ↑ Hutin YJ, Williams RJ, Malfait P, Pebody R, Loparev VN, Ropp SL; et al. (2001). "Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997". Emerg Infect Dis. 7 (3): 434–8. doi:10.3201/eid0703.010311. PMC 2631782. PMID 11384521.
- ↑ "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak: situation update".
- ↑ "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries".
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2003). "Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox--Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 52 (27): 642–6. PMID 12855947.
- ↑ Reynolds MG, Davidson WB, Curns AT, Conover CS, Huhn G, Davis JP; et al. (2007). "Spectrum of infection and risk factors for human monkeypox, United States, 2003". Emerg Infect Dis. 13 (9): 1332–9. doi:10.3201/eid1309.070175. PMC 2857287. PMID 18252104.
- ↑ Reynolds MG, Yorita KL, Kuehnert MJ, Davidson WB, Huhn GD, Holman RC; et al. (2006). "Clinical manifestations of human monkeypox influenced by route of infection". J Infect Dis. 194 (6): 773–80. doi:10.1086/505880. PMID 16941343.
- ↑ "Monkeypox".