Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
===The Microorganism=== | ===The Microorganism=== | ||
[[MERS|Middle East Respiratory Syndrome]] ([[MERS]]) is a [[viral]] [[respiratory disease|respiratory illness]] caused by an emerging [[coronavirus]], [[MERS|Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus]] (MERS-CoV) that was previously known as human betaCoV 2c EMC/2012 (hCoV-EMC).<ref name="pmid23078800">{{cite journal| author=Bermingham A, Chand MA, Brown CS, Aarons E, Tong C, Langrish C et al.| title=Severe respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus, in a patient transferred to the United Kingdom from the Middle East, September 2012. | journal=Euro Surveill | year= 2012 | volume= 17 | issue= 40 | pages= 20290 | pmid=23078800 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23078800 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23075143">{{cite journal| author=Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA| title=Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2012 | volume= 367 | issue= 19 | pages= 1814-20 | pmid=23075143 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1211721 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23075143 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23678167">{{cite journal| author=de Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric RS, Brown CS, Drosten C, Enjuanes L et al.| title=Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): announcement of the Coronavirus Study Group. | journal=J Virol | year= 2013 | volume= 87 | issue= 14 | pages= 7790-2 | pmid=23678167 | doi=10.1128/JVI.01244-13 | pmc=PMC3700179 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23678167 }} </ref> MERS-CoV belongs to the | [[MERS|Middle East Respiratory Syndrome]] ([[MERS]]) is a [[viral]] [[respiratory disease|respiratory illness]] caused by an emerging [[coronavirus]], [[MERS|Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus]] (MERS-CoV) that was previously known as human betaCoV 2c EMC/2012 (hCoV-EMC).<ref name="pmid23078800">{{cite journal| author=Bermingham A, Chand MA, Brown CS, Aarons E, Tong C, Langrish C et al.| title=Severe respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus, in a patient transferred to the United Kingdom from the Middle East, September 2012. | journal=Euro Surveill | year= 2012 | volume= 17 | issue= 40 | pages= 20290 | pmid=23078800 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23078800 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23075143">{{cite journal| author=Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA| title=Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2012 | volume= 367 | issue= 19 | pages= 1814-20 | pmid=23075143 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1211721 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23075143 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23678167">{{cite journal| author=de Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric RS, Brown CS, Drosten C, Enjuanes L et al.| title=Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): announcement of the Coronavirus Study Group. | journal=J Virol | year= 2013 | volume= 87 | issue= 14 | pages= 7790-2 | pmid=23678167 | doi=10.1128/JVI.01244-13 | pmc=PMC3700179 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23678167 }} </ref> Phylogenetically, MERS-CoV belongs to the lineage C, previously known as group 2c of the genus betacoronavirus of the family coronaviridae, the largest of all the RNA viruses, with positive single-stranded RNA genomes of 26–32 kilobases.<ref name="pmid23770275">{{cite journal| author=Chan JF, To KK, Tse H, Jin DY, Yuen KY| title=Interspecies transmission and emergence of novel viruses: lessons from bats and birds. | journal=Trends Microbiol | year= 2013 | volume= 21 | issue= 10 | pages= 544-55 | pmid=23770275 | doi=10.1016/j.tim.2013.05.005 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23770275 }} </ref> The positive single-stranded RNA has a long genomic mRNA that encodes for replicase polyproteins, which are further processed into multiple nonstructural proteins. The structural proteins such as conserved spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid are translated from subgenomic mRNAs. The subgenomic mRNAs also encode five unique accessory proteins, designated as 3, 4a, 4b, 5, and 8b, which are found only in the same lineage of viruses.<ref name="pmid23170002">{{cite journal| author=van Boheemen S, de Graaf M, Lauber C, Bestebroer TM, Raj VS, Zaki AM et al.| title=Genomic characterization of a newly discovered coronavirus associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in humans. | journal=MBio | year= 2012 | volume= 3 | issue= 6 | pages= | pmid=23170002 | doi=10.1128/mBio.00473-12 | pmc=PMC3509437 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23170002 }} </ref> SARS-CoV is another betacoronavirus with which MERS-CoV shares several similarities. | ||
===Encounter With the Microorganism=== | ===Encounter With the Microorganism=== | ||
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Overview
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness. It is caused by an emerging coronavirus, specifically a betacoronavirus called MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus), first discovered in 2012. Potential animal reservoirs and mechanisms of transmission of MERS-CoV to humans remain unclear. Initially a zoonotic origin for MERS-CoV was suggested due to the high genetic similarity to the coronaviruses in bats. Additionally, recent reports have also described serologic data similarities in camels and related viruses have also been identified in bats. However, future studies will have to provide additional epidemiologic data linking human MERS cases to infected animals in order to determine if a particular species is a host, a source of human infection, or both.[1][2]
Pathophysiology
The Microorganism
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by an emerging coronavirus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that was previously known as human betaCoV 2c EMC/2012 (hCoV-EMC).[3][4][5] Phylogenetically, MERS-CoV belongs to the lineage C, previously known as group 2c of the genus betacoronavirus of the family coronaviridae, the largest of all the RNA viruses, with positive single-stranded RNA genomes of 26–32 kilobases.[6] The positive single-stranded RNA has a long genomic mRNA that encodes for replicase polyproteins, which are further processed into multiple nonstructural proteins. The structural proteins such as conserved spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid are translated from subgenomic mRNAs. The subgenomic mRNAs also encode five unique accessory proteins, designated as 3, 4a, 4b, 5, and 8b, which are found only in the same lineage of viruses.[7] SARS-CoV is another betacoronavirus with which MERS-CoV shares several similarities.
Encounter With the Microorganism
Colonization
Penetration of Antimicrobial Barrier
Spread
Mechanism of Damage
Resolution
References
- ↑ "Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infections when novel coronavirus is suspected: What to do and what not to do" (PDF).
- ↑ "MERS Prevention and Treatment".
- ↑ Bermingham A, Chand MA, Brown CS, Aarons E, Tong C, Langrish C; et al. (2012). "Severe respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus, in a patient transferred to the United Kingdom from the Middle East, September 2012". Euro Surveill. 17 (40): 20290. PMID 23078800.
- ↑ Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA (2012). "Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia". N Engl J Med. 367 (19): 1814–20. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1211721. PMID 23075143.
- ↑ de Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric RS, Brown CS, Drosten C, Enjuanes L; et al. (2013). "Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): announcement of the Coronavirus Study Group". J Virol. 87 (14): 7790–2. doi:10.1128/JVI.01244-13. PMC 3700179. PMID 23678167.
- ↑ Chan JF, To KK, Tse H, Jin DY, Yuen KY (2013). "Interspecies transmission and emergence of novel viruses: lessons from bats and birds". Trends Microbiol. 21 (10): 544–55. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2013.05.005. PMID 23770275.
- ↑ van Boheemen S, de Graaf M, Lauber C, Bestebroer TM, Raj VS, Zaki AM; et al. (2012). "Genomic characterization of a newly discovered coronavirus associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in humans". MBio. 3 (6). doi:10.1128/mBio.00473-12. PMC 3509437. PMID 23170002.