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'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Metabolic syndrome}}
{{Metabolic syndrome}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:psingh13579@gmail.com]; {{RT}}; {{AN}}


{{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
{{SK}} Metabolic syndrome X; insulin resistance syndrome; Reaven syndrome; CHAOS (Australia); abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome; dysmetabolic syndrome; plurimetabolic syndrome; hypertriglyceridemia waist syndrome; visceral fat syndrome; cardiometabolic syndrome; general cardiovascular syndrome
  Name        = Metabolic syndrome |
  ICD10      = E78.1, E78.2, E78.3 |
  ICD9        = {{ICD9|272.1}} |
}}
 
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:psingh@perfuse.org]
 
Synonyms and Keywords: '''Metabolic syndrome X''', '''[[Insulin resistance]] syndrome''', '''[[Gerald Reaven|Reaven's]] syndrome''' or '''CHAOS''' (Australia)


==[[Metabolic syndrome overview|Overview]]==
==[[Metabolic syndrome overview|Overview]]==


==[[Metabolic syndrome historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
==[[Metabolic syndrome historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
==[[Metabolic syndrome classification|Classification]]==


==[[Metabolic syndrome pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
==[[Metabolic syndrome pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==


==[[Metabolic syndrome epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology & Demographics]]==
==[[Metabolic syndrome causes|Causes]]==


==[[Metabolic syndrome risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
==[[Differentiating Metabolic syndrome from other diseases|Differentiating Metabolic Syndrome from other Diseases]]==


==[[Metabolic syndrome screening|Screening]]==
==[[Metabolic syndrome epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==


==[[Metabolic syndrome causes|Causes of Metabolic syndrome]]==
==[[Metabolic syndrome risk factors|Risk Factors]]==


==[[Metabolic syndrome differential diagnosis|Differentiating Metabolic syndrome from other Diseases]]==
==[[Metabolic syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis |Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==


==[[Metabolic syndrome natural history|Natural History, Complications & Prognosis]]==
==Diagnosis==
 
[[Metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria|Diagnostic Criteria]] | [[Metabolic syndrome history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Metabolic syndrome physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Metabolic syndrome laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Metabolic syndrome electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Metabolic syndrome chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Metabolic syndrome CT|CT]] | [[Metabolic syndrome MRI|MRI]] | [[Metabolic syndrome echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Metabolic syndrome other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] |[[Metabolic syndrome other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
==[[Metabolic syndrome diagnosis|Diagnosis]]==
 
[[Metabolic syndrome history and symptoms|History & Symptoms]] | [[Metabolic syndrome physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Metabolic syndrome laboratory tests|Lab Tests]] | [[Metabolic syndrome electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Metabolic syndrome chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Metabolic syndrome MRI|MRI]] | [[Metabolic syndrome CT|CT]] | [[Metabolic syndrome echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Metabolic syndrome other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Metabolic syndrome other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
[[Metabolic syndrome dietary therapy|Dietary Therapy]] | [[Metabolic syndrome physical activity|Physical Activity]] | [[Metabolic syndrome medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Metabolic syndrome surgery|Surgery]] | [[Metabolic syndrome primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Metabolic syndrome secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Metabolic syndrome tertiary prevention|Tertiary Prevention]] | [[Metabolic syndrome cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Metabolic syndrome future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


[[Metabolic syndrome dietary therapy|Dietary Therapy]] | [[Metabolic syndrome medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Metabolic syndrome surgery|Surgery]] | [[Metabolic syndrome primary prevention|Primary Prevention]]|[[Metabolic syndrome secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Metabolic syndrome cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Metabolic syndrome future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
==Case Studies==
[[Metabolic syndrome case study one|Case #1]]


==References==
==Related Chapters==
{{Reflist|2}}
* [[Chronic Somogyi rebound]]
 
==Treatment==
The goal is to get the LDL down to < 100 mg/dl. The first line treatment is change of lifestyle (i.e., caloric restriction and physical activity). However, drug treatment is frequently required. Generally, the individual diseases that comprise the metabolic syndrome are treated separately (e.g. [[diuretic]]s and [[ACE inhibitor]]s for [[hypertension]]). Cholesterol drugs may be used to lower LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, if they are elevated, and to raise HDL levels if they are low. Use of drugs that decrease [[insulin resistance]] e.g., [[metformin]] and [[thiazolidinedione]]s is controversial and not FDA approved.
 
A recent study indicated that cardiovascular exercise was therapeutic in approximately 31% of cases. The most probable benefit was to triglyceride levels, with 43% showing improvement; conversely 91% of test subjects did not exhibit a decrease in fasting plasma glucose or insulin resistance.<ref name="katzmaryk">{{cite journal
  | last = Katzmaryk,
  | first = Peter T
  | coauthors = Leon, Arthur S.; Wilmore, Jack H.; Skinner, James S.; Rao, D. C.; Rankinen, Tuomo; Bouchard, Claude
  | title = Targeting the Metabolic Syndrome with Exercise: Evidence from the HERITAGE Family Study.
  | journal = Med. Sci. Sports Exerc
  | volume = 35
  | issue = 10
  | pages = 1703-1709
  | date = [[October 2003]]
  | url = http://www.ms-se.com/pt/re/msse/abstract.00005768-200310000-00013.htm
  | accessdate = 2007-06-24 }}
</ref>
Many other studies have supported the value of increased physical activity along with restricted calories in metabolic syndrome.
 
==Primary and Secondary Prevention==
Various strategies have been proposed to prevent the development of metabolic syndrome. These include increased physical activity (such as walking 30 minutes every day),<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lakka TA, Laaksonen DE |title=Physical activity in prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome |journal=Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquée, nutrition et métabolisme |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=76-88 |year=2007 |pmid=17332786 |doi=10.1139/h06-113}}</ref> and a healthy, reduced calorie diet.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Feldeisen SE, Tucker KL |title=Nutritional strategies in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome |journal=Appl Physiol Nutr Metab |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=46-60 |year=2007 |pmid=17332784 |doi=10.1139/h06-101}}</ref>  There are many studies that support the value of a healthy lifestyle  as above.  However, one study stated that these measures are effective in only a minority of people.<ref name="katzmaryk" /> The International Obesity Taskforce states that interventions on a sociopolitical level are required to reduce development of the metabolic syndrome in populations.<ref>{{cite journal |author=James PT, Rigby N, Leach R |title=The obesity epidemic, metabolic syndrome and future prevention strategies |journal=Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3-8 |year=2004 |pmid=15167200 |doi=}}</ref>
 
A 2007 study of 2,375 male subjects over 20 years suggested that daily intake of a pint of milk or equivalent dairy products more than halved the risk of metabolic syndrome.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Elwood |first=PC |coauthors=Pickering JE, Fehily AM |year=2007 |title=Milk and dairy consumption, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: the Caerphilly prospective study |journal= J Epidemiol Community Health |volume=61 |issue=8 |pages=695-698 |id=PMID 17630368  |url=http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/61/8/695 |doi=10.1136/jech.2006.053157}}</ref>  Other studies both support and dispute the authors' findings.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Snijder MB, van der Heijden AA, van Dam RM, ''et al'' |title=Is higher dairy consumption associated with lower body weight and fewer metabolic disturbances? The Hoorn Study |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=989-95 |year=2007 |pmid=17413097 |doi=}}</ref>
 
 
==See also==
* [[Hyperinsulinemia]]
* [[Hyperinsulinemia]]
* [[Insulin resistance]]
* [[Insulin resistance]]
* [[Chronic Somogyi rebound]]


==References==
 
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WS}}
{{WH}}


[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Medical conditions related to obesity]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]
[[Category:Syndromes]]
 
{{Circulatory system pathology}}
 
[[de:Metabolisches Syndrom]]
[[es:Síndrome metabólico]]
[[ko:대사증후군]]
[[nl:Metabool syndroom]]
[[ja:メタボリックシンドローム]]
[[pl:Zespół metaboliczny]]
[[pt:Síndrome metabólica]]
[[ru:Метаболический синдром]]
[[fi:Metabolinen oireyhtymä]]
[[sv:Metabolt syndrom]]
[[zh:代謝症候群]]
 
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Latest revision as of 18:45, 12 July 2016

For patient information click here

Metabolic syndrome Microchapters

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Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Metabolic Syndrome from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

CT

MRI

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Dietary Therapy

Physical Activity

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Tertiary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]; Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3]; Aarti Narayan, M.B.B.S [4]

Synonyms and keywords: Metabolic syndrome X; insulin resistance syndrome; Reaven syndrome; CHAOS (Australia); abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome; dysmetabolic syndrome; plurimetabolic syndrome; hypertriglyceridemia waist syndrome; visceral fat syndrome; cardiometabolic syndrome; general cardiovascular syndrome

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Metabolic Syndrome from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria | History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram | Chest X Ray | CT | MRI | Echocardiography or Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings |Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Dietary Therapy | Physical Activity | Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Tertiary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Related Chapters


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