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Clinically, [[Menopause]] does not happen suddenly, but it passes through stages until it reaches the permanent cessation of the [[menstrual cycle]]. It is classified according to [[pathological]] causes into three types including [[physiological]] [[menopause]], [[Premature Menopause]]/Early [[menopause]], and Induced [[Menopause]]. [[Physiological]] [[menopause]] is [[amenorrhea]] without any [[pathological]] [[diseases]] and [[medical conditions]]. As [[women]] age, the production of [[estrogen]] and [[progesterone]] from the [[ovaries]] begins to decrease gradually. [[Premature menopause]] is the permanent cessation of the [[menstrual cycle]] of the age of 40 because of "[[premature ovarian failure]]" it is the permanent loss of [[ovarian]] function, but early [[menopause]] is a cessation of the [[menstrual cycle]] between 40 and 45 of age, and both of them happen because of several [[medical]] [[diseases]] as ( [[Autoimmune disease]], [[Thyroid disease]], [[Metabolic disorder]], [[Diabetes mellitus]]). Induced [[menopause]] is the permanent cessation of the [[menstrual cycle]] because of [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] of [[medical treatment]] such as [[Chemotherapy]], and [[Radiotherapy]].
Clinically, [[Menopause]] does not happen suddenly, but it passes through stages until it reaches the permanent cessation of the [[menstrual cycle]]. It is classified according to [[pathological]] causes into three types including [[physiological]] [[menopause]], [[Premature Menopause]]/Early [[menopause]], and Induced [[Menopause]]. [[Physiological]] [[menopause]] is [[amenorrhea]] without any [[pathological]] [[diseases]] and [[medical conditions]]. As [[women]] age, the production of [[estrogen]] and [[progesterone]] from the [[ovaries]] begins to decrease gradually. [[Premature menopause]] is the permanent cessation of the [[menstrual cycle]] of the age of 40 because of "[[premature ovarian failure]]" it is the permanent loss of [[ovarian]] function, but early [[menopause]] is a cessation of the [[menstrual cycle]] between 40 and 45 of age, and both of them happen because of several [[medical]] [[diseases]] as ( [[Autoimmune disease]], [[Thyroid disease]], [[Metabolic disorder]], [[Diabetes mellitus]]). Induced [[menopause]] is the permanent cessation of the [[menstrual cycle]] because of [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] of [[medical treatment]] such as [[Chemotherapy]], and [[Radiotherapy]].
==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
[[Menopause]] is natural [[amenorrhea]] that is happened without any [[pathological]] causes, but [[premature menopause]]/early [[menopause]] caused by [[pathological]] [[diseases]] in [[ovaries]] include [[premature ovarian failure]] termed as [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762081/ Primary ovarian insufficiency] ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762081/ POI]), several [[medical condition]] such as [[Adrenal insufficiency]], type1 [[Diabetes mellitus]], [[Autoimmune thyroid diseases|Autoimmune thyroid disease]], [[Fragile X syndrome|Fragile X Syndrome]], [[Fanconi’s anemia]], [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]], and [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782#:~:text=Overview,to%20develop%20and%20heart%20defects. Turner’s syndrome]. The most important Conditions associated with [[Menopause]] are [[Cardiovascular diseases|Cardiovascular disease]] and [[Osteoporosis]]. Under microscope the structures of the [[ovaries]] are change, The [[Cortex (anatomy)|cortex]] becomes thinner and it has fewer follicles, the [[medulla]] develops [[stromal]] [[fibrosis]] and scars. The [[mucosa]] layer of the [[vagina]] begins to [[atrophy]] due to decreased [[estrogen]].


*Pathophysiology is the study of the biological and physical manifestations of a disease as they correlate with the underlying abnormalities and physiological disturbances.


*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
*The overview of the pathophysiology of a disease should be a short description of the basic disease process. It is ideally written after the main pathophysiology microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement that is seen on the pathophysiology microchapter.
*To view a template and examples of the Pathophysiology overview statement, click [[Pathophysiology template#Overview|'''here''']].


<br />
==Causes==
==Causes==



Revision as of 04:47, 3 February 2021

Menopause Microchapters

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Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differential Diagnosis

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Ultrasonography

Other Imaging Findings

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Prevention

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Rahmah Al-Edresi, M.D.[2]

Overview

Menopause is the permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle in women without any pathological causes because of physiological deficiency of estrogen hormone production in women. Menopause happens in women between 49 to 52 of age at the average, it is considered a natural end to fertility in women. Menopause is a date: the day after a woman's last period ever finishes. In common everyday parlance, however, the word "menopause" is usually not used to refer to one day, but the whole of the menopause transition years. This period time is also referred to as the change of life or the climacteric, the cessation of menses, and 'climacteric' to gradual changes of ovarian function that happens before the menopause and continue forever. Recently it is known as "perimenopause", (literally meaning "around menopause"). A woman is considered in menopause after amenorrhea for 12 months and she becomes suffering from the menopausal symptoms

Historical Perspective

In the past, the studies on cessation of the menstrual cycle after 40 years of age in women were very rare, a French physician named the cessation of the menstrual cycle as a term of menopause in 1821. The medical interest in menopause started in the mid-19th century and therefore knew the menopause symptoms, and was treated by estrogen replacement therapy in the 1970s and had been developed in 1938. The Grandmother hypothesis considers that menopause may have been selected for in human evolution. Unlike humans, other mammals rarely experience menopause, but it does exist in some of the other few mammal species that experience menstrual cycles, such as rhesus monkeys and some cetaceans.

Classification

Clinically, Menopause does not happen suddenly, but it passes through stages until it reaches the permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle. It is classified according to pathological causes into three types including physiological menopause, Premature Menopause/Early menopause, and Induced Menopause. Physiological menopause is amenorrhea without any pathological diseases and medical conditions. As women age, the production of estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries begins to decrease gradually. Premature menopause is the permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle of the age of 40 because of "premature ovarian failure" it is the permanent loss of ovarian function, but early menopause is a cessation of the menstrual cycle between 40 and 45 of age, and both of them happen because of several medical diseases as ( Autoimmune disease, Thyroid disease, Metabolic disorder, Diabetes mellitus). Induced menopause is the permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle because of complication of medical treatment such as Chemotherapy, and Radiotherapy.

Pathophysiology

Menopause is natural amenorrhea that is happened without any pathological causes, but premature menopause/early menopause caused by pathological diseases in ovaries include premature ovarian failure termed as Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), several medical condition such as Adrenal insufficiency, type1 Diabetes mellitus, Autoimmune thyroid disease, Fragile X Syndrome, Fanconi’s anemia, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and Turner’s syndrome. The most important Conditions associated with Menopause are Cardiovascular disease and Osteoporosis. Under microscope the structures of the ovaries are change, The cortex becomes thinner and it has fewer follicles, the medulla develops stromal fibrosis and scars. The mucosa layer of the vagina begins to atrophy due to decreased estrogen.



Causes

  • This section summarizes the main causes of the disease.
  • The overview for causes of a disease should ideally be written after the main causes microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main causes microchapter for the disease.
  • To view a template and examples of the Causes (Non-microbiology) overview statement, click here.
  • To view a template and examples of the Causes (Microbiology) overview statement, click here.

Differentiating (Disease name) from other Conditions

  • In this section, give a brief description of the main diseases that need to be differentiated from the disease you are describing.
  • The overview of the differentiation of a disease should ideally be written after the main microchapter is written. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main "differentiating disease from other conditions" microchapter for the disease.
  • To view a template and examples of the Differential Diagnosis overview statement, click here.

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • Epidemiology is the scientific study of the causes, distribution, and control of disease populations. Demographics are the objective characteristics of a population age, marital status, family size, racial origin, present or prior disease, religion, income, and education and how they relate to a specific disease.
  • This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
  • The overview of the epidemiology and demographics of a disease should ideally be written after the main epidemiology and demographics microchapter is written. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main epidemiology and demographics microchapter for the disease.
  • To view a template and examples of the Epidemiology and Demographics overview statement, click here.

Risk Factors

  • Risk factors are variables associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.This section should outline the risk factors that have the highest correlation with the disease.
  • The overview of the risk factors of a disease should ideally be written after the main risk factors microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main risk factors microchapter for the disease.
  • To view a template and examples of the Risk Factors overview statement, click here.

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

  • The natural history of a disease describes how the disease would progress without treatment. The complications describe the negative consequences of the disease and treatment, and the prognosis describes the outcomes of the disease.
  • This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
  • The overview of the natural history, complications and prognosis is ideally written after the main microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement that is seen on the natural history, complications and prognosis microchapter page.
  • To view a template and examples of the Natural History, Complications and Prognosis overview statement, click here.

Diagnosis

  • The diagnosis of a disease details the most important signs, symptoms, tests, and other studies that lead to the diagnosis of a disease.
  • This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
  • The overview of the diagnosis of a disease should ideally be written after the main diagnosis microchapters are written, to summarize the key points of the microchapters.

History and Symptoms

  • Describe the main aspects of the patient history that should be focused on, and the symptoms that lead to, or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should use the name of the disease in the first sentence. For an example of this subsection, click here.
  • This section can be the same as the overview section on the history and symptoms page.
  • To view a template and examples of the History and Symptoms overview statement, click here.

Physical Examination

  • Describe the main physical examination findings that can lead to or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should include the name of the disease in the first sentence. For an example, click here
  • This section can be the same as the overview section physical examination page.
  • To view a template and examples of the Physical Examination overview statement, click here.

Laboratory Findings

  • List the main laboratory studies that can lead to or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should include the name of the disease in the first sentence.
  • This section should be the same as the overview statement on the laboratory findings page.
  • To view a template and examples of the Laboratory Findings overview statement, click here.

Electrocardiogram

  • If EKG findings are pertinent to the diagnosis of the disease you are describing, you can provide the findings here.
  • This section can be the same as the overview statement found on the Electrocardiogram page.
  • To view a template and examples of the Electocardiogram overview statement, click here.

Chest X Ray

  • If chest x ray findings are pertinent to the disease page you are making, you can briefly describe them here.
  • This can be the same as the overview statement on the chest x ray page.
  • To view a template and examples of the Chest X Ray overview statement, click here.

CT Scan

  • If CT findings are pertinent to the page you are making, you can briefly describe them here.
  • This section can be the same as the overview section on the CT page.
  • To view a template and examples of the CT Scan overview statement, click here.

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

  • If echocardiography or ultrasound findings are pertinent to the page you are making, you can describe them here.
  • This section can be the same as the overview section on the echocardiography and ultrasound page.
  • To view a template and examples of the Echocardiography or Ultrasound overview statement, click here.

Other Imaging Findings

  • List the most important diagnostic studies, such as imaging and other studies, that can lead to or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should name any "gold standard" studies here, and include the name of the disease in the first sentence.
  • To view a template and examples of the Other Imaging Findings overview statement, click here.

Treatment

  • Treatment describes the various, most commonly used methods in treating the disease you are describing.
  • This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
  • The overview of the treatments for a disease should ideally be written after the main treatment microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main risk factors microchapter for the disease.

Medical Therapy

  • Medical therapy describes all non-surgical therapies that are provided for the patient.
  • This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence followed by the indication to treat the patient (if applicable) and the name of the therapy.
  • To view a template and examples of the Medical Therapy overview statement, click here.

Surgery

  • Surgery describes all surgeries and therapeutic procedures that are provided for the patient.
  • This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence followed by the indication to surgically manage the patient (if application) and the name of the surgery.
  • To view a template and examples of the Surgery overview statement, click here.

Prevention

  • Prevention describes all strategies that prevent from the occurrence of the disease. Prevention may be either primary (prevent occurrence of the disease), secondary (diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages), tertiary (reduce the negative impact of extant disease), and quaternary (methods to avoid results of unnecessary interventions). At least primary and secondary prevention are usually discussed in each chapter.
  • This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence. The availability or lack of vaccine availability of a vaccine against the disease should be clearly written. Other strategies for the prevention of the disease should be outlined and classified as either primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary.
  • To view a template and examples of the Prevention overview statement, click here.

References


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