Menopause overview: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Menopause}}
{{Menopause}}
{{CMG}} {{RA}}
{{CMG}} {{RA}}  


==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Menopause]] is the permanent cessation of the [[Menstrual cycles|menstrual cycle]] in [[women]] without any [[pathological]] causes because of [[Physiological|physiological deficiency]] of [[estrogen]] hormone production in [[women]].[[Menopause]] happens in [[women]] between 49 to 52 of age at the average,it is considered a natural end to [[fertility]] in [[women]]. [[Menopause]] is a date: the day after a woman's last [[period]] ever finishes. In common everyday parlance, however, the word "[[menopause]]" is usually not used to refer to one day, but the whole of the [[menopause]] transition years. This period time is also referred to as the change of life or the [[climacteric]],  the cessation of [[menses]], and '[[climacteric]]' to gradual changes of [[ovarian]] function that happens before the [[menopause]] and continue forever. Recently it is known as "[[perimenopause]]", (literally meaning "around [[menopause]]"). A woman is considered in [[menopause]] after [[amenorrhea]] for 12 months and she becomes suffering from the [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 menopausal symptoms] whose intensity varies from woman to another. Clinically, [[Menopause]] does not happen suddenly, but it passes through stages until it reaches the permanent cessation of the [[menstrual cycle]]. It is classified as [[physiological]] [[menopause]], [[Premature Menopause]]/Early [[menopause]], and Induced [[Menopause]]. [[Menopause]] is natural [[amenorrhea]] that is happened without any [[pathological]] causes, but [[premature menopause]] /early [[menopause]] caused by [[pathological]] diseases, that are lead to early cessation of [[menses]]. [[Menopause]] occurs naturally or can be induced, Induced [[menopause]] happens as a result of bilateral [[oophorectomy]], [[hysterectomy]], [[salpingo-oophorectomy]], a [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] of [[tubal ligation]], [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] of [[treatment]], such as [[chemotherapy]] and [[radiotherapy]], [[autoimmune diseases]] such as [[Thyroid diseases|thyroid disease]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782#:~:text=Overview,to%20develop%20and%20heart%20defects. Turner’s syndrome,] [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]]/[[chronic fatigue syndrome]], [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762081/ primary ovarian insufficiency] Several [[risk factors]] accelerate early [[menopause]] such as  [[family history]] and cigarette smoking has been found to decrease the age at [[menopause]] by as much as one year and [[women]] who smoke have early [[menopause]] before non-smoking women. [[Menopause]] should be differentiated from other [[diseases]] presenting with [[menstrual irregularities]] ([[oligomenorrhea]]/[[amenorrhea]]). [[Menopause]] is typically beginning between the ages of 49 and 52, age at [[menopause]] is also higher in the West as compared to the range of 45-47 years in developing countries. About 25 million [[women]] pass through [[menopause]] each year, In the United States, approximately 1.3 million [[women]] become [[menopausal]] each year. By 2030, the world population of [[menopausal]] and [[postmenopausal]] women is projected to increase to 1.2 billion. [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 Menopausal symptoms] differ in women according to areas and countries that they live them e.g [[shoulder pain]] in Japan, [[hot flush]] In the West, and low [[vision]] in India. 85 % of [[postmenopausal]] women have experienced a [[menopause]]-related [[symptom]] in their lifetime, 15% increased the risk of causes [[mortality]] among [[women]] at an early age at [[menopause]]. The ethnic differences in the [[symptoms]] experienced during the [[menopausal]] transition were noted. Asian [[women]] had experienced the smallest number of [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 menopausal symptoms] compared with all other ethnic groups, but African American women had experienced the largest number of [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 menopausal symptoms] compared with other ethnic groups.The [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 symptoms of menopause] typically develop in the [[menopausal]] transition years. Left untreated women, 15% increased the risk of causes [[mortality]] among [[women]] with [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 menopausal symptoms] after approximately 7.4 years on average, [[women]] may progress to develop [[hypertension]], [[atherosclerosis]], and [[Hyperlipoproteinemia|hyperlipidemia]]. Common [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] of [[menopause]] include [[Cardiovascular disease|Cardiovascular Disease]]/chronic [[Heart diseases|heart disease]], [[stroke]], [[Osteoporosis]].
[[Menopause]] is the permanent cessation of the [[Menstrual cycles|menstrual cycle]] in [[women]] without any [[pathological]] causes because of [[Physiological|physiological deficiency]] of [[estrogen]] hormone production in [[women]]. [[Menopause]] happens in [[women]] between 49 to 52 of age at the average,it is considered a natural end to [[fertility]] in [[women]]. [[Menopause]] is a date: the day after a woman's last [[period]] ever finishes. In common everyday parlance, however, the word "[[menopause]]" is usually not used to refer to one day, but the whole of the [[menopause]] transition years. This period time is also referred to as the change of life or the [[climacteric]],  the cessation of [[menses]], and '[[climacteric]]' to gradual changes of [[ovarian]] function that happens before the [[menopause]] and continue forever. Recently it is known as "[[perimenopause]]", (literally meaning "around [[menopause]]"). A woman is considered in [[menopause]] after [[amenorrhea]] for 12 months and she becomes suffering from the [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 menopausal symptoms]
Generally, the [[prognosis]] of [[menopause]] is good with [[treatment]] and a healthy lifestyle include stop smoking, a healthy diet, and exercise. In the late post-[[menopause]] stage, most [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 menopausal symptoms] relieved in most [[women]]. but untreated [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 menopausal symptoms] are poor [[prognosis]] in women which have high-[[risk factors]] to develop of [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] that are associated with [[menopause]].The most common [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 symptoms of menopause] include [[hot flashes]], [[night sweats]], [[Headache|headach]], [[palpitations]], [[dyspareunia]], [[stress incontinence]], [[urgency]], [[frequency]], [[dysuria]], [[Anxiety Disorder|anxiety]], [[sleep disturbance]], [[depression]]. In addition to some less common [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 symptoms of menopause] include loss of [[Concentrations|concentration]], and loss of self confidence. Women with [[menopause]] are usually well-appearing. [[Physical examination]] of [[patients]] with [[menopause]] is usually remarkable for [[elevated blood pressure]], [[weight gain]], decrease [[breast]] size, pale and [[Vaginal dryness|dryness]] of the [[Vaginal|vagina]], decrease [[ovaries]] size, decrease [[uterus]] size. An elevated [[serum]] of [[Follicle Stimulating Hormone]] (FSH) greater than 40 mIU/mL is diagnostic of [[menopause]], a decreased serum of the [https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/anti-mullerian-hormone-test/ Anti-Mullerian Hormone] level([https://radiantwonder.com/fertility/amh/?gclid=CjwKCAjw2Jb7BRBHEiwAXTR4jdfrhY-KTQ2gS5SzO24BEO7P4035UHh43LJYoZ_Lr-Y9FK7pvpzbLhoCNggQAvD_BwE AMH]) is a diagnostic test of [[premature menopause]] and a low level of [https://radiantwonder.com/fertility/amh/?gclid=CjwKCAjw2Jb7BRBHEiwAXTR4jdfrhY-KTQ2gS5SzO24BEO7P4035UHh43LJYoZ_Lr-Y9FK7pvpzbLhoCNggQAvD_BwE AMH] is normal in the [[Postmenopausal|postmenopause]] period. a decreased of [[Estrogen]] Hormone level in [[women]] with [[menopause]].While [[perimenopause]] is a natural stage of life when the [[symptoms]] are severe, this may be alleviated through medical [[treatments]] that include [[Hormone therapy]](HT), non-hormonal therapy, and [[complementary]] or [[Alternative therapies for developmental and learning disabilities|alternative therapies]].[[ Hormonal therapy]] (HT) provides the best relief, but [[hormone therapy]] should only be used for the shortest duration of time and at its lowest [[effective dose]], as it increases the relative [[risks]] of [[uterine cancer]] ,[[ovarian cancer]], [[breast cancer]], [[thromboembolism]], and [[coronary heart disease]], especially in [[women]] who start [[Hormone replacement therapy|HT]] after [[menopause]]. Some other [[drugs]] afford limited relief from [[hot flashes]]. A woman and her doctor should carefully review her [[symptoms]] and relative risk before determining whether the benefits of HT or other therapies outweigh the [[risks]].


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
*Historical perspective of a disease discusses the initial discovery of the disease, the major outbreaks/events associated with the disease, and the initial diagnostic and therapeutic discoveries related to the disease.
*Historical perspective of a disease discusses the initial discovery of the disease, the major outbreaks/events associated with the disease, and the initial diagnostic and therapeutic discoveries related to the disease.
*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
Line 14: Line 14:


==Classification==
==Classification==
*Classification of a disease varies based on the type of disease. For example, certain cancers may be classified based on stage and grade, whereas a drug allergy may be classified based on the type of drug reaction.
*Classification of a disease varies based on the type of disease. For example, certain cancers may be classified based on stage and grade, whereas a drug allergy may be classified based on the type of drug reaction.
* This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
* The overview of the classification of a disease should be a short description of the way in which the disease is classified. It is ideally written after the main classification microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement that is seen on the classification microchapter.
*The overview of the classification of a disease should be a short description of the way in which the disease is classified. It is ideally written after the main classification microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement that is seen on the classification microchapter.
*To view a template and examples of the Classification overview statement, click [[Classification template#Overview|'''here''']].
*To view a template and examples of the Classification overview statement, click [[Classification template#Overview|'''here''']].


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
*Pathophysiology is the study of the biological and physical manifestations of a disease as they correlate with the underlying abnormalities and physiological disturbances.
*Pathophysiology is the study of the biological and physical manifestations of a disease as they correlate with the underlying abnormalities and physiological disturbances.


* This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
* The overview of the pathophysiology of a disease should be a short description of the basic disease process. It is ideally written after the main pathophysiology microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement that is seen on the pathophysiology microchapter.
*The overview of the pathophysiology of a disease should be a short description of the basic disease process. It is ideally written after the main pathophysiology microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement that is seen on the pathophysiology microchapter.
*To view a template and examples of the Pathophysiology overview statement, click [[Pathophysiology template#Overview|'''here''']].
*To view a template and examples of the Pathophysiology overview statement, click [[Pathophysiology template#Overview|'''here''']].


==Causes==
==Causes==
* This section summarizes the main causes of the disease.
 
* The overview for causes of a disease should ideally be written after the main causes microchapter is written,  to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main causes microchapter for the disease.
*This section summarizes the main causes of the disease.
*The overview for causes of a disease should ideally be written after the main causes microchapter is written,  to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main causes microchapter for the disease.
*To view a template and examples of the Causes (Non-microbiology) overview statement, click [[Crowdiagnosis project template#Overview|'''here''']].
*To view a template and examples of the Causes (Non-microbiology) overview statement, click [[Crowdiagnosis project template#Overview|'''here''']].
*To view a template and examples of the Causes (Microbiology) overview statement, click [[Microbiology template#Overview|'''here''']].
*To view a template and examples of the Causes (Microbiology) overview statement, click [[Microbiology template#Overview|'''here''']].


==Differentiating (Disease name) from other Conditions==
==Differentiating (Disease name) from other Conditions==
* In this section, give a brief description of the main diseases that need to be differentiated from the disease you are describing.  
 
*In this section, give a brief description of the main diseases that need to be differentiated from the disease you are describing.
*The overview of the differentiation of a disease should ideally be written after the main microchapter is written. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main "differentiating disease from other conditions" microchapter for the disease.
*The overview of the differentiation of a disease should ideally be written after the main microchapter is written. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main "differentiating disease from other conditions" microchapter for the disease.
*To view a template and examples of the Differential Diagnosis overview statement, click [[Differentiating (disease name) from other diseases page#Overview|'''here''']].
*To view a template and examples of the Differential Diagnosis overview statement, click [[Differentiating (disease name) from other diseases page#Overview|'''here''']].


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
* Epidemiology is the scientific study of the causes, distribution, and control of disease populations. Demographics are the objective characteristics of a population age, marital status, family size, racial origin, present or prior disease, religion, income, and education and how they relate to a specific disease.
 
* This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.  
*Epidemiology is the scientific study of the causes, distribution, and control of disease populations. Demographics are the objective characteristics of a population age, marital status, family size, racial origin, present or prior disease, religion, income, and education and how they relate to a specific disease.
*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
*The overview of the epidemiology and demographics of a disease should ideally be written after the main epidemiology and demographics microchapter is written. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main epidemiology and demographics microchapter for the disease.
*The overview of the epidemiology and demographics of a disease should ideally be written after the main epidemiology and demographics microchapter is written. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main epidemiology and demographics microchapter for the disease.
*To view a template and examples of the Epidemiology and Demographics overview statement, click [[Epidemiology and demographics template#Overview|'''here''']].
*To view a template and examples of the Epidemiology and Demographics overview statement, click [[Epidemiology and demographics template#Overview|'''here''']].


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
* Risk factors are variables associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.This section should outline the risk factors that have the highest correlation with the disease.
 
* The overview of the risk factors of a disease should ideally be written after the main risk factors microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main risk factors microchapter for the disease.
*Risk factors are variables associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.This section should outline the risk factors that have the highest correlation with the disease.
*The overview of the risk factors of a disease should ideally be written after the main risk factors microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main risk factors microchapter for the disease.
*To view a template and examples of the Risk Factors overview statement, click [[Risk factor template#Overview|'''here''']].
*To view a template and examples of the Risk Factors overview statement, click [[Risk factor template#Overview|'''here''']].


==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
* The natural history of a disease describes how the disease would progress without treatment. The complications describe the negative consequences of the disease and treatment, and the prognosis describes the outcomes of the disease.
 
* This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
*The natural history of a disease describes how the disease would progress without treatment. The complications describe the negative consequences of the disease and treatment, and the prognosis describes the outcomes of the disease.
* The overview of the natural history, complications and prognosis is ideally written after the main microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement that is seen on the natural history, complications and prognosis microchapter page.
*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
*The overview of the natural history, complications and prognosis is ideally written after the main microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement that is seen on the natural history, complications and prognosis microchapter page.
*To view a template and examples of the Natural History, Complications and Prognosis overview statement, click [[Natural history, complications and prognosis template#Overview|'''here''']].
*To view a template and examples of the Natural History, Complications and Prognosis overview statement, click [[Natural history, complications and prognosis template#Overview|'''here''']].


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
* The diagnosis of a disease details the most important signs, symptoms, tests, and other studies that lead to the diagnosis of a disease.
 
* This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
*The diagnosis of a disease details the most important signs, symptoms, tests, and other studies that lead to the diagnosis of a disease.
* The overview of the diagnosis of a disease should ideally be written after the main diagnosis microchapters are written, to summarize the key points of the microchapters.  
*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
*The overview of the diagnosis of a disease should ideally be written after the main diagnosis microchapters are written, to summarize the key points of the microchapters.


===History and Symptoms===
===History and Symptoms===
* Describe the main aspects of the patient history that should be focused on, and the symptoms that lead to, or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should use the name of the disease in the first sentence. For an example of this subsection, click [[Myocarditis overview#Diagnosis|here]].
 
* This section can be the same as the overview section on the history and symptoms page.
*Describe the main aspects of the patient history that should be focused on, and the symptoms that lead to, or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should use the name of the disease in the first sentence. For an example of this subsection, click [[Myocarditis overview#Diagnosis|here]].
*This section can be the same as the overview section on the history and symptoms page.
*To view a template and examples of the History and Symptoms overview statement, click [[History and symptoms template#Overview|'''here''']].
*To view a template and examples of the History and Symptoms overview statement, click [[History and symptoms template#Overview|'''here''']].


===Physical Examination===
===Physical Examination===
* Describe the main physical examination findings that can lead to or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should include the name of the disease in the first sentence. For an example, click [[Pericarditis overview#Diagnosis|here]]
 
* This section can be the same as the overview section physical examination page.
*Describe the main physical examination findings that can lead to or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should include the name of the disease in the first sentence. For an example, click [[Pericarditis overview#Diagnosis|here]]
*This section can be the same as the overview section physical examination page.
*To view a template and examples of the Physical Examination overview statement, click [[Physical examination template#Overview|'''here''']].
*To view a template and examples of the Physical Examination overview statement, click [[Physical examination template#Overview|'''here''']].


===Laboratory Findings===
===Laboratory Findings===
* List the main laboratory studies that can lead to or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should include the name of the disease in the first sentence.
 
* This section should be the same as the overview statement on the laboratory findings page.
*List the main laboratory studies that can lead to or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should include the name of the disease in the first sentence.
*This section should be the same as the overview statement on the laboratory findings page.
*To view a template and examples of the Laboratory Findings overview statement, click [[Laboratory findings template#Overview|'''here''']].
*To view a template and examples of the Laboratory Findings overview statement, click [[Laboratory findings template#Overview|'''here''']].


===Electrocardiogram===
===Electrocardiogram===
* If EKG findings are pertinent to the diagnosis of the disease you are describing, you can provide the findings here.
 
* This section can be the same as the overview statement found on the Electrocardiogram page.
*If EKG findings are pertinent to the diagnosis of the disease you are describing, you can provide the findings here.
*This section can be the same as the overview statement found on the Electrocardiogram page.
*To view a template and examples of the Electocardiogram overview statement, click [[Electrocardiogram template#Overview|'''here''']].
*To view a template and examples of the Electocardiogram overview statement, click [[Electrocardiogram template#Overview|'''here''']].


===Chest X Ray===
===Chest X Ray===
* If chest x ray findings are pertinent to the disease page you are making, you can briefly describe them here.
 
* This can be the same as the overview statement on the chest x ray page.
*If chest x ray findings are pertinent to the disease page you are making, you can briefly describe them here.
*This can be the same as the overview statement on the chest x ray page.
*To view a template and examples of the Chest X Ray overview statement, click [[Chest x ray template#Overview|'''here''']].
*To view a template and examples of the Chest X Ray overview statement, click [[Chest x ray template#Overview|'''here''']].
===CT Scan===
===CT Scan===
*If CT findings are pertinent to the page you are making, you can briefly describe them here.
*If CT findings are pertinent to the page you are making, you can briefly describe them here.
*This section can be the same as the overview section on the CT page.
*This section can be the same as the overview section on the CT page.
Line 89: Line 104:


===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===
*If echocardiography or ultrasound findings are pertinent to the page you are making, you can describe them here.
*If echocardiography or ultrasound findings are pertinent to the page you are making, you can describe them here.
*This section can be the same as the overview section on the echocardiography and ultrasound page.
*This section can be the same as the overview section on the echocardiography and ultrasound page.
Line 94: Line 110:


===Other Imaging Findings===
===Other Imaging Findings===
* List the most important diagnostic studies, such as imaging and other studies, that can lead to or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should name any "gold standard" studies here, and include the name of the disease in the first sentence.
 
*List the most important diagnostic studies, such as imaging and other studies, that can lead to or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should name any "gold standard" studies here, and include the name of the disease in the first sentence.
*To view a template and examples of the Other Imaging Findings overview statement, click [[CT template#Overview|'''here''']].
*To view a template and examples of the Other Imaging Findings overview statement, click [[CT template#Overview|'''here''']].


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
* Treatment describes the various, most commonly used methods in treating the disease you are describing.
 
* This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
*Treatment describes the various, most commonly used methods in treating the disease you are describing.
* The overview of the treatments for a disease should ideally be written after the main treatment microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main risk factors microchapter for the disease.
*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
*The overview of the treatments for a disease should ideally be written after the main treatment microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main risk factors microchapter for the disease.


===Medical Therapy===
===Medical Therapy===
* Medical therapy describes all non-surgical therapies that are provided for the patient.
 
*Medical therapy describes all non-surgical therapies that are provided for the patient.
*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence followed by the indication to treat the patient (if applicable) and the name of the therapy.
*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence followed by the indication to treat the patient (if applicable) and the name of the therapy.
*To view a template and examples of the Medical Therapy overview statement, click [[Medical therapy template#Overview|'''here''']].
*To view a template and examples of the Medical Therapy overview statement, click [[Medical therapy template#Overview|'''here''']].
===Surgery===
===Surgery===
*Surgery describes all surgeries and therapeutic procedures that are provided for the patient.
*Surgery describes all surgeries and therapeutic procedures that are provided for the patient.
*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence followed by the indication to surgically manage the patient (if application) and the name of the surgery.
*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence followed by the indication to surgically manage the patient (if application) and the name of the surgery.
Line 112: Line 133:


===Prevention===
===Prevention===
*Prevention describes all strategies that prevent from the occurrence of the disease. Prevention may be either primary (prevent occurrence of the disease), secondary (diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages), tertiary (reduce the negative impact of extant disease), and quaternary (methods to avoid results of unnecessary interventions). At least primary and secondary prevention are usually discussed in each chapter.
*Prevention describes all strategies that prevent from the occurrence of the disease. Prevention may be either primary (prevent occurrence of the disease), secondary (diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages), tertiary (reduce the negative impact of extant disease), and quaternary (methods to avoid results of unnecessary interventions). At least primary and secondary prevention are usually discussed in each chapter.
*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence. The availability or lack of vaccine availability of a vaccine against the disease should be clearly written. Other strategies for the prevention of the disease should be outlined and classified as either primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary.
*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence. The availability or lack of vaccine availability of a vaccine against the disease should be clearly written. Other strategies for the prevention of the disease should be outlined and classified as either primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary.
Line 117: Line 139:
   
   
==References==
==References==


[[Category:Help]]
[[Category:Help]]

Revision as of 03:52, 31 January 2021

Menopause Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differential Diagnosis

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Ultrasonography

Other Imaging Findings

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Menopause overview On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Menopause overview

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Menopause overview

CDC on Menopause overview

Menopause overview in the news

Blogs on Menopause overview

Directions to Hospitals Treating Menopause

Risk calculators and risk factors for Menopause overview

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Rahmah Al-Edresi, M.D.[2]

Overview

Menopause is the permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle in women without any pathological causes because of physiological deficiency of estrogen hormone production in women. Menopause happens in women between 49 to 52 of age at the average,it is considered a natural end to fertility in women. Menopause is a date: the day after a woman's last period ever finishes. In common everyday parlance, however, the word "menopause" is usually not used to refer to one day, but the whole of the menopause transition years. This period time is also referred to as the change of life or the climacteric, the cessation of menses, and 'climacteric' to gradual changes of ovarian function that happens before the menopause and continue forever. Recently it is known as "perimenopause", (literally meaning "around menopause"). A woman is considered in menopause after amenorrhea for 12 months and she becomes suffering from the menopausal symptoms

Historical Perspective

  • Historical perspective of a disease discusses the initial discovery of the disease, the major outbreaks/events associated with the disease, and the initial diagnostic and therapeutic discoveries related to the disease.
  • This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
  • The overview of the historical perspective of a disease should be a short description of the landmark discoveries associated with the disease. It is ideally written after the main historical perspective microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview that is seen on the historical perspective microchapter.
  • To view a template and examples of the Historical Perspective overview statement, click here.

Classification

  • Classification of a disease varies based on the type of disease. For example, certain cancers may be classified based on stage and grade, whereas a drug allergy may be classified based on the type of drug reaction.
  • This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
  • The overview of the classification of a disease should be a short description of the way in which the disease is classified. It is ideally written after the main classification microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement that is seen on the classification microchapter.
  • To view a template and examples of the Classification overview statement, click here.

Pathophysiology

  • Pathophysiology is the study of the biological and physical manifestations of a disease as they correlate with the underlying abnormalities and physiological disturbances.
  • This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
  • The overview of the pathophysiology of a disease should be a short description of the basic disease process. It is ideally written after the main pathophysiology microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement that is seen on the pathophysiology microchapter.
  • To view a template and examples of the Pathophysiology overview statement, click here.

Causes

  • This section summarizes the main causes of the disease.
  • The overview for causes of a disease should ideally be written after the main causes microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main causes microchapter for the disease.
  • To view a template and examples of the Causes (Non-microbiology) overview statement, click here.
  • To view a template and examples of the Causes (Microbiology) overview statement, click here.

Differentiating (Disease name) from other Conditions

  • In this section, give a brief description of the main diseases that need to be differentiated from the disease you are describing.
  • The overview of the differentiation of a disease should ideally be written after the main microchapter is written. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main "differentiating disease from other conditions" microchapter for the disease.
  • To view a template and examples of the Differential Diagnosis overview statement, click here.

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • Epidemiology is the scientific study of the causes, distribution, and control of disease populations. Demographics are the objective characteristics of a population age, marital status, family size, racial origin, present or prior disease, religion, income, and education and how they relate to a specific disease.
  • This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
  • The overview of the epidemiology and demographics of a disease should ideally be written after the main epidemiology and demographics microchapter is written. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main epidemiology and demographics microchapter for the disease.
  • To view a template and examples of the Epidemiology and Demographics overview statement, click here.

Risk Factors

  • Risk factors are variables associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.This section should outline the risk factors that have the highest correlation with the disease.
  • The overview of the risk factors of a disease should ideally be written after the main risk factors microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main risk factors microchapter for the disease.
  • To view a template and examples of the Risk Factors overview statement, click here.

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

  • The natural history of a disease describes how the disease would progress without treatment. The complications describe the negative consequences of the disease and treatment, and the prognosis describes the outcomes of the disease.
  • This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
  • The overview of the natural history, complications and prognosis is ideally written after the main microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement that is seen on the natural history, complications and prognosis microchapter page.
  • To view a template and examples of the Natural History, Complications and Prognosis overview statement, click here.

Diagnosis

  • The diagnosis of a disease details the most important signs, symptoms, tests, and other studies that lead to the diagnosis of a disease.
  • This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
  • The overview of the diagnosis of a disease should ideally be written after the main diagnosis microchapters are written, to summarize the key points of the microchapters.

History and Symptoms

  • Describe the main aspects of the patient history that should be focused on, and the symptoms that lead to, or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should use the name of the disease in the first sentence. For an example of this subsection, click here.
  • This section can be the same as the overview section on the history and symptoms page.
  • To view a template and examples of the History and Symptoms overview statement, click here.

Physical Examination

  • Describe the main physical examination findings that can lead to or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should include the name of the disease in the first sentence. For an example, click here
  • This section can be the same as the overview section physical examination page.
  • To view a template and examples of the Physical Examination overview statement, click here.

Laboratory Findings

  • List the main laboratory studies that can lead to or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should include the name of the disease in the first sentence.
  • This section should be the same as the overview statement on the laboratory findings page.
  • To view a template and examples of the Laboratory Findings overview statement, click here.

Electrocardiogram

  • If EKG findings are pertinent to the diagnosis of the disease you are describing, you can provide the findings here.
  • This section can be the same as the overview statement found on the Electrocardiogram page.
  • To view a template and examples of the Electocardiogram overview statement, click here.

Chest X Ray

  • If chest x ray findings are pertinent to the disease page you are making, you can briefly describe them here.
  • This can be the same as the overview statement on the chest x ray page.
  • To view a template and examples of the Chest X Ray overview statement, click here.

CT Scan

  • If CT findings are pertinent to the page you are making, you can briefly describe them here.
  • This section can be the same as the overview section on the CT page.
  • To view a template and examples of the CT Scan overview statement, click here.

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

  • If echocardiography or ultrasound findings are pertinent to the page you are making, you can describe them here.
  • This section can be the same as the overview section on the echocardiography and ultrasound page.
  • To view a template and examples of the Echocardiography or Ultrasound overview statement, click here.

Other Imaging Findings

  • List the most important diagnostic studies, such as imaging and other studies, that can lead to or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should name any "gold standard" studies here, and include the name of the disease in the first sentence.
  • To view a template and examples of the Other Imaging Findings overview statement, click here.

Treatment

  • Treatment describes the various, most commonly used methods in treating the disease you are describing.
  • This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
  • The overview of the treatments for a disease should ideally be written after the main treatment microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main risk factors microchapter for the disease.

Medical Therapy

  • Medical therapy describes all non-surgical therapies that are provided for the patient.
  • This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence followed by the indication to treat the patient (if applicable) and the name of the therapy.
  • To view a template and examples of the Medical Therapy overview statement, click here.

Surgery

  • Surgery describes all surgeries and therapeutic procedures that are provided for the patient.
  • This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence followed by the indication to surgically manage the patient (if application) and the name of the surgery.
  • To view a template and examples of the Surgery overview statement, click here.

Prevention

  • Prevention describes all strategies that prevent from the occurrence of the disease. Prevention may be either primary (prevent occurrence of the disease), secondary (diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages), tertiary (reduce the negative impact of extant disease), and quaternary (methods to avoid results of unnecessary interventions). At least primary and secondary prevention are usually discussed in each chapter.
  • This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence. The availability or lack of vaccine availability of a vaccine against the disease should be clearly written. Other strategies for the prevention of the disease should be outlined and classified as either primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary.
  • To view a template and examples of the Prevention overview statement, click here.

References


Template:WikiDoc Sources