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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Menopause]] is the permanent cessation of the [[Menstrual cycles|menstrual cycle]] in [[women]] without any [[pathological]] causes because of [[Physiological|physiological deficiency]] production of [[estrogen]] hormone in [[women]].[[Menopause]] happens in [[women]] between 49 to 52 of age at the average,it is considered a natural end to [[fertility]] in [[women]]. [[Menopause]] is a date: the day after a woman's last [[period]] ever finishes. In common everyday parlance, however, the word "[[menopause]]" is usually not used to refer to one day, but the whole of the [[menopause]] transition years. This period time is also referred to as the change of life or the [[climacteric]],  the cessation of [[menses]], and '[[climacteric]]' to gradual changes of [[ovarian]] function that happens before the [[menopause]] and continue forever. And more recently is known as "[[perimenopause]]", (literally meaning "around [[menopause]]"). A woman is considered in [[menopause]] after [[amenorrhea]] for 12 months and she becomes suffering from the menopausal [[symptoms]] whose intensity varies from woman to another. Clinically, [[Menopause]] does not happen suddenly, but it passes through stages until it reaches the permanent cessation of the [[menstrual cycle]]. It is classified as [[physiological]] [[menopause]], [[Premature Menopause]]/Early [[menopause]], and Induced [[Menopause]]. [[Menopause]] is natural [[amenorrhea]] that is happened without any [[pathological]] causes, but [[premature menopause]] /early [[menopause]] caused by [[pathological]] diseases, that are lead to early cessation of [[menses]]. [[Menopause]] occurs naturally or can be induced, Induced [[menopause]] happens as a result of bilateral [[oophorectomy]], [[hysterectomy]], [[salpingo-oophorectomy]], a [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] of [[tubal ligation]], [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] of [[treatment]], such as [[chemotherapy]] and [[radiotherapy]], [[autoimmune diseases]] such as [[Thyroid diseases|thyroid disease]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782#:~:text=Overview,to%20develop%20and%20heart%20defects. Turner’s syndrome,] [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]]/[[chronic fatigue syndrome]], [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762081/ primary ovarian insufficiency] Several [[risk factors]] accelerate happen early [[menopause]] such as  [[family history]] and Cigarette smoking has been found to decrease the age at [[menopause]] by as much as one year and [[women]] who smoke have early [[menopause]] before non-smoking women. [[Menopause]] should be differentiated from other [[diseases]] presenting with [[menstrual irregularities]] ([[oligomenorrhea]]/[[amenorrhea]]). [[Menopause]] is typically beginning between the ages of 49 and 52, age at [[menopause]] is also higher in the West as compared to the range of 45-47 years in developing countries. About 25 million [[women]] pass through [[menopause]] each year, In the United States, approximately 1.3 million [[women]] become menopausal each year. By 2030, the world population of menopausal and postmenopausal women is projected to increase to 1.2 billion. [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 Menopausal symptoms] differ in women according to areas and countries that they live them e.g [[shoulder pain]] in Japan, [[hot flush]] In the West, and low vision in India. 85 % of postmenopausal women have experienced a [[menopause]]-related [[symptom]] in their lifetime, 15% increased the risk of causes [[mortality]] among [[women]] at an early age at [[menopause]]. The ethnic differences in the [[symptoms]] experienced during the [[menopausal]] transition were noted. Asian [[women]] had experienced the smallest number of [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 menopausal symptoms] compared with all other ethnic groups, but African American women had experienced the largest number of [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 menopausal symptoms] compared with other ethnic groups.The [[symptoms]] of [[menopause]] typically develop in the [[menopausal]] transition years. Left untreated women, 15% increased the risk of causes [[mortality]] among [[women]] with menopausal [[symptoms]] after approximately 7.4 years on average, [[women]] may progress to develop [[hypertension]], [[atherosclerosis]], and [[Hyperlipoproteinemia|hyperlipidemia]]. Common [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] of [[menopause]] include [[Cardiovascular disease|Cardiovascular Disease]]/chronic [[Heart diseases|heart disease]], [[stroke]], [[Osteoporosis]].
[[Menopause]] is the permanent cessation of the [[Menstrual cycles|menstrual cycle]] in [[women]] without any [[pathological]] causes because of [[Physiological|physiological deficiency]] production of [[estrogen]] hormone in [[women]].[[Menopause]] happens in [[women]] between 49 to 52 of age at the average,it is considered a natural end to [[fertility]] in [[women]]. [[Menopause]] is a date: the day after a woman's last [[period]] ever finishes. In common everyday parlance, however, the word "[[menopause]]" is usually not used to refer to one day, but the whole of the [[menopause]] transition years. This period time is also referred to as the change of life or the [[climacteric]],  the cessation of [[menses]], and '[[climacteric]]' to gradual changes of [[ovarian]] function that happens before the [[menopause]] and continue forever. And more recently is known as "[[perimenopause]]", (literally meaning "around [[menopause]]"). A woman is considered in [[menopause]] after [[amenorrhea]] for 12 months and she becomes suffering from the [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 menopausal symptoms] whose intensity varies from woman to another. Clinically, [[Menopause]] does not happen suddenly, but it passes through stages until it reaches the permanent cessation of the [[menstrual cycle]]. It is classified as [[physiological]] [[menopause]], [[Premature Menopause]]/Early [[menopause]], and Induced [[Menopause]]. [[Menopause]] is natural [[amenorrhea]] that is happened without any [[pathological]] causes, but [[premature menopause]] /early [[menopause]] caused by [[pathological]] diseases, that are lead to early cessation of [[menses]]. [[Menopause]] occurs naturally or can be induced, Induced [[menopause]] happens as a result of bilateral [[oophorectomy]], [[hysterectomy]], [[salpingo-oophorectomy]], a [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] of [[tubal ligation]], [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] of [[treatment]], such as [[chemotherapy]] and [[radiotherapy]], [[autoimmune diseases]] such as [[Thyroid diseases|thyroid disease]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782#:~:text=Overview,to%20develop%20and%20heart%20defects. Turner’s syndrome,] [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]]/[[chronic fatigue syndrome]], [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762081/ primary ovarian insufficiency] Several [[risk factors]] accelerate happen early [[menopause]] such as  [[family history]] and Cigarette smoking has been found to decrease the age at [[menopause]] by as much as one year and [[women]] who smoke have early [[menopause]] before non-smoking women. [[Menopause]] should be differentiated from other [[diseases]] presenting with [[menstrual irregularities]] ([[oligomenorrhea]]/[[amenorrhea]]). [[Menopause]] is typically beginning between the ages of 49 and 52, age at [[menopause]] is also higher in the West as compared to the range of 45-47 years in developing countries. About 25 million [[women]] pass through [[menopause]] each year, In the United States, approximately 1.3 million [[women]] become [[menopausal]] each year. By 2030, the world population of [[menopausal]] and [[postmenopausal]] women is projected to increase to 1.2 billion. [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 Menopausal symptoms] differ in women according to areas and countries that they live them e.g [[shoulder pain]] in Japan, [[hot flush]] In the West, and low [[vision]] in India. 85 % of [[postmenopausal]] women have experienced a [[menopause]]-related [[symptom]] in their lifetime, 15% increased the risk of causes [[mortality]] among [[women]] at an early age at [[menopause]]. The ethnic differences in the [[symptoms]] experienced during the [[menopausal]] transition were noted. Asian [[women]] had experienced the smallest number of [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 menopausal symptoms] compared with all other ethnic groups, but African American women had experienced the largest number of [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 menopausal symptoms] compared with other ethnic groups.The [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 symptoms of menopause] typically develop in the [[menopausal]] transition years. Left untreated women, 15% increased the risk of causes [[mortality]] among [[women]] with [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 menopausal symptoms] after approximately 7.4 years on average, [[women]] may progress to develop [[hypertension]], [[atherosclerosis]], and [[Hyperlipoproteinemia|hyperlipidemia]]. Common [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] of [[menopause]] include [[Cardiovascular disease|Cardiovascular Disease]]/chronic [[Heart diseases|heart disease]], [[stroke]], [[Osteoporosis]].
Generally, the [[prognosis]] of [[menopause]] is good with [[treatment]] and a healthy lifestyle include stop smoking, a healthy diet, and exercise. In the late post-[[menopause]] stage, most menopausal [[symptoms]] relieved in most [[women]]. but untreated menopausal [[symptoms]] are poor [[prognosis]] in women which have high-[[risk factors]] to develop of [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] that are associated with [[menopause]].The most common [[symptoms]] of [[menopause]] include [[hot flashes]], [[night sweats]], [[Headache|headach]], [[palpitations]], [[dyspareunia]], [[stress incontinence]], [[urgency]], [[frequency]], [[dysuria]], [[Anxiety Disorder|anxiety]], [[sleep disturbance]], [[depression]]. In addition to some less common [[symptoms]] of [[menopause]] include loss of [[Concentrations|concentration]], and loss of self confidence. Women with [[menopause]] are usually well-appearing. [[Physical examination]] of [[patients]] with [[menopause]] is usually remarkable for [[elevated blood pressure]], [[weight gain]], decrease [[breast]] size, pale and dryness of the [[Vaginal|vagina]], decrease [[ovaries]] size, decrease [[uterus]] size. An elevated [[serum]] of [[Follicle Stimulating Hormone]] (FSH) greater than 40 mIU/mL is diagnostic of [[menopause]], a decreased serum of the [https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/anti-mullerian-hormone-test/ Anti-Mullerian Hormone] level(AMH) is a diagnostic test of [[premature menopause]] and a low level of AMH is normal in the postmenopause period. a decreased of [[Estrogen]] Hormone level in [[women]] with [[menopause]].While [[perimenopause]] is a natural stage of life when the [[symptoms]] are severe, this may be alleviated through medical [[treatments]] that include [[Hormone therapy]](HT), non-hormonal therapy, and [[complementary]] or [[Alternative therapies for developmental and learning disabilities|alternative therapies]].[[ Hormonal therapy]] (HT) provides the best relief, but [[hormone therapy]] should only be used for the shortest duration of time and at its lowest [[effective dose]], as it increases the relative [[risks]] of [[uterine cancer]] ,[[ovarian cancer]], [[breast cancer]], [[thromboembolism]], and [[coronary heart disease]], especially in [[women]] who start HT after [[menopause]]. Some other [[drugs]] afford limited relief from [[hot flashes]]. A woman and her doctor should carefully review her [[symptoms]] and relative risk before determining whether the benefits of HT or other therapies outweigh the [[risks]].
Generally, the [[prognosis]] of [[menopause]] is good with [[treatment]] and a healthy lifestyle include stop smoking, a healthy diet, and exercise. In the late post-[[menopause]] stage, most [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 menopausal symptoms] relieved in most [[women]]. but untreated [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 menopausal symptoms] are poor [[prognosis]] in women which have high-[[risk factors]] to develop of [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] that are associated with [[menopause]].The most common [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 symptoms of menopause] include [[hot flashes]], [[night sweats]], [[Headache|headach]], [[palpitations]], [[dyspareunia]], [[stress incontinence]], [[urgency]], [[frequency]], [[dysuria]], [[Anxiety Disorder|anxiety]], [[sleep disturbance]], [[depression]]. In addition to some less common [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 symptoms of menopause] include loss of [[Concentrations|concentration]], and loss of self confidence. Women with [[menopause]] are usually well-appearing. [[Physical examination]] of [[patients]] with [[menopause]] is usually remarkable for [[elevated blood pressure]], [[weight gain]], decrease [[breast]] size, pale and [[Vaginal dryness|dryness]] of the [[Vaginal|vagina]], decrease [[ovaries]] size, decrease [[uterus]] size. An elevated [[serum]] of [[Follicle Stimulating Hormone]] (FSH) greater than 40 mIU/mL is diagnostic of [[menopause]], a decreased serum of the [https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/anti-mullerian-hormone-test/ Anti-Mullerian Hormone] level([https://radiantwonder.com/fertility/amh/?gclid=CjwKCAjw2Jb7BRBHEiwAXTR4jdfrhY-KTQ2gS5SzO24BEO7P4035UHh43LJYoZ_Lr-Y9FK7pvpzbLhoCNggQAvD_BwE AMH]) is a diagnostic test of [[premature menopause]] and a low level of [https://radiantwonder.com/fertility/amh/?gclid=CjwKCAjw2Jb7BRBHEiwAXTR4jdfrhY-KTQ2gS5SzO24BEO7P4035UHh43LJYoZ_Lr-Y9FK7pvpzbLhoCNggQAvD_BwE AMH] is normal in the [[Postmenopausal|postmenopause]] period. a decreased of [[Estrogen]] Hormone level in [[women]] with [[menopause]].While [[perimenopause]] is a natural stage of life when the [[symptoms]] are severe, this may be alleviated through medical [[treatments]] that include [[Hormone therapy]](HT), non-hormonal therapy, and [[complementary]] or [[Alternative therapies for developmental and learning disabilities|alternative therapies]].[[ Hormonal therapy]] (HT) provides the best relief, but [[hormone therapy]] should only be used for the shortest duration of time and at its lowest [[effective dose]], as it increases the relative [[risks]] of [[uterine cancer]] ,[[ovarian cancer]], [[breast cancer]], [[thromboembolism]], and [[coronary heart disease]], especially in [[women]] who start [[Hormone replacement therapy|HT]] after [[menopause]]. Some other [[drugs]] afford limited relief from [[hot flashes]]. A woman and her doctor should carefully review her [[symptoms]] and relative risk before determining whether the benefits of HT or other therapies outweigh the [[risks]].

Revision as of 15:52, 19 September 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Rahmah Al-Edresi, M.D.[2]

Overview

Menopause is the permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle in women without any pathological causes because of physiological deficiency production of estrogen hormone in women.Menopause happens in women between 49 to 52 of age at the average,it is considered a natural end to fertility in women. Menopause is a date: the day after a woman's last period ever finishes. In common everyday parlance, however, the word "menopause" is usually not used to refer to one day, but the whole of the menopause transition years. This period time is also referred to as the change of life or the climacteric, the cessation of menses, and 'climacteric' to gradual changes of ovarian function that happens before the menopause and continue forever. And more recently is known as "perimenopause", (literally meaning "around menopause"). A woman is considered in menopause after amenorrhea for 12 months and she becomes suffering from the menopausal symptoms whose intensity varies from woman to another. Clinically, Menopause does not happen suddenly, but it passes through stages until it reaches the permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle. It is classified as physiological menopause, Premature Menopause/Early menopause, and Induced Menopause. Menopause is natural amenorrhea that is happened without any pathological causes, but premature menopause /early menopause caused by pathological diseases, that are lead to early cessation of menses. Menopause occurs naturally or can be induced, Induced menopause happens as a result of bilateral oophorectomy, hysterectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, a complication of tubal ligation, complications of treatment, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, autoimmune diseases such as thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Turner’s syndrome, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, primary ovarian insufficiency Several risk factors accelerate happen early menopause such as family history and Cigarette smoking has been found to decrease the age at menopause by as much as one year and women who smoke have early menopause before non-smoking women. Menopause should be differentiated from other diseases presenting with menstrual irregularities (oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea). Menopause is typically beginning between the ages of 49 and 52, age at menopause is also higher in the West as compared to the range of 45-47 years in developing countries. About 25 million women pass through menopause each year, In the United States, approximately 1.3 million women become menopausal each year. By 2030, the world population of menopausal and postmenopausal women is projected to increase to 1.2 billion. Menopausal symptoms differ in women according to areas and countries that they live them e.g shoulder pain in Japan, hot flush In the West, and low vision in India. 85 % of postmenopausal women have experienced a menopause-related symptom in their lifetime, 15% increased the risk of causes mortality among women at an early age at menopause. The ethnic differences in the symptoms experienced during the menopausal transition were noted. Asian women had experienced the smallest number of menopausal symptoms compared with all other ethnic groups, but African American women had experienced the largest number of menopausal symptoms compared with other ethnic groups.The symptoms of menopause typically develop in the menopausal transition years. Left untreated women, 15% increased the risk of causes mortality among women with menopausal symptoms after approximately 7.4 years on average, women may progress to develop hypertension, atherosclerosis, and hyperlipidemia. Common complications of menopause include Cardiovascular Disease/chronic heart disease, stroke, Osteoporosis. Generally, the prognosis of menopause is good with treatment and a healthy lifestyle include stop smoking, a healthy diet, and exercise. In the late post-menopause stage, most menopausal symptoms relieved in most women. but untreated menopausal symptoms are poor prognosis in women which have high-risk factors to develop of complications that are associated with menopause.The most common symptoms of menopause include hot flashes, night sweats, headach, palpitations, dyspareunia, stress incontinence, urgency, frequency, dysuria, anxiety, sleep disturbance, depression. In addition to some less common symptoms of menopause include loss of concentration, and loss of self confidence. Women with menopause are usually well-appearing. Physical examination of patients with menopause is usually remarkable for elevated blood pressure, weight gain, decrease breast size, pale and dryness of the vagina, decrease ovaries size, decrease uterus size. An elevated serum of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) greater than 40 mIU/mL is diagnostic of menopause, a decreased serum of the Anti-Mullerian Hormone level(AMH) is a diagnostic test of premature menopause and a low level of AMH is normal in the postmenopause period. a decreased of Estrogen Hormone level in women with menopause.While perimenopause is a natural stage of life when the symptoms are severe, this may be alleviated through medical treatments that include Hormone therapy(HT), non-hormonal therapy, and complementary or alternative therapies.Hormonal therapy (HT) provides the best relief, but hormone therapy should only be used for the shortest duration of time and at its lowest effective dose, as it increases the relative risks of uterine cancer ,ovarian cancer, breast cancer, thromboembolism, and coronary heart disease, especially in women who start HT after menopause. Some other drugs afford limited relief from hot flashes. A woman and her doctor should carefully review her symptoms and relative risk before determining whether the benefits of HT or other therapies outweigh the risks.