Menopause historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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==The possible significance of menopause in human evolution== | ==The possible significance of menopause in human evolution== | ||
The Grandmother [[hypothesis]] considers that the [[menopause]] may have been selected for in [[human]] evolution, because later life [[infertility]] could have conferred an evolutionary advantage by allowing older [[women]] to spend more time helping with the survival of their existing [[children] | The Grandmother [[hypothesis]] considers that the [[menopause]] may have been selected for in [[human]] evolution, because later life [[infertility]] could have conferred an evolutionary advantage by allowing older [[women]] to spend more time helping with the survival of their existing [[children]] and grandchildren. | ||
==Menopause in other species== | ==Menopause in other species== | ||
Unlike [[humans]], other [[mammals]] rarely experience [[menopause]], but it does exist in some of the other few [[Mammals|mammal]] [[species]] that experience [[menstrual cycles]], such as rhesus monkeys<ref name="Walker">{{cite journal|author=Walker ML|title=Menopause in female rhesus monkeys|journal=Am J Primatol|volume=35|pages=59-71|year=1995}}</ref> and some cetaceans.<ref name="McAuliffe">{{cite journal|author=McAuliffe K, Whitehead H|title=Eusociality, menopause and information in matrilineal whales|journal=Trends Ecol Evolution|volume=20|pages=650|year=2005}}</ref> | Unlike [[humans]], other [[mammals]] rarely experience [[menopause]], but it does exist in some of the other few [[Mammals|mammal]] [[species]] that experience [[menstrual cycles]], such as rhesus monkeys<ref name="Walker">{{cite journal|author=Walker ML|title=Menopause in female rhesus monkeys|journal=Am J Primatol|volume=35|pages=59-71|year=1995}}</ref> and some cetaceans.<ref name="McAuliffe">{{cite journal|author=McAuliffe K, Whitehead H|title=Eusociality, menopause and information in matrilineal whales|journal=Trends Ecol Evolution|volume=20|pages=650|year=2005}}</ref> | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Rahmah Al-Edresi, M.D.[2]
Overview
Menopause is the permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle in women without any pathological causes because of physiological deficiency production of estrogen hormone in women.Menopause happens in women between 49 to 52 of age at the average, it is considered a natural end to fertility in women. Menopause is a date: the day after a woman's last period ever finishes. In common everyday parlance, however, the word "menopause" is usually not used to refer to one day, but the whole of the menopause transition years. This period time is also referred to as the change of life or the climacteric, the cessation of menses, and 'climacteric' to gradual changes of ovarian function that happens before the menopause and continue forever. And more recently is known as "perimenopause", (literally meaning "around menopause"). A woman is considered in menopause after amenorrhea for 12 months and she becomes suffering from the menopausal symptoms whose intensity varies from woman to another.
Historical Perspective
- In the past, the studies on cessation of the menstrual cycle after 40 years of age in women were very rare, A French physician named the cessation of the menstrual cycle as a term of menopause in 1821.
- the medical interest in menopause started in the mid-19th century and therefore knew the menopause symptoms because of deficiency of estrogen hormone and was treated of menopause symptoms by estrogen replacement therapy in the 1970s and had been developed in 1938.
- International Menopause Society was founded in the 1970s and the first international conference on menopause was organized in Paris, France in 1976.
- Overall, women in western countries viewed menopause negatively contrasted with the positive outlook of women in developing countries like India.[1][2]
The possible significance of menopause in human evolution
The Grandmother hypothesis considers that the menopause may have been selected for in human evolution, because later life infertility could have conferred an evolutionary advantage by allowing older women to spend more time helping with the survival of their existing children and grandchildren.
Menopause in other species
Unlike humans, other mammals rarely experience menopause, but it does exist in some of the other few mammal species that experience menstrual cycles, such as rhesus monkeys[3] and some cetaceans.[4]
However, menopause exists in some other animals, many of which do not have monthly menstruation in this case, the term means a natural end to fertility.[5]
References
- ↑ Singh A, Kaur S, Walia I (2002). "A historical perspective on menopause and menopausal age". Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad. 32 (2): 121–35. PMID 15981376.
- ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9867266/
- ↑ Walker ML (1995). "Menopause in female rhesus monkeys". Am J Primatol. 35: 59–71.
- ↑ McAuliffe K, Whitehead H (2005). "Eusociality, menopause and information in matrilineal whales". Trends Ecol Evolution. 20: 650.
- ↑ Walker ML, Herndon JG (2008). "Menopause in nonhuman primates?". Biol Reprod. 79 (3): 398–406. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.108.068536. PMC 2553520. PMID 18495681.