Meningitis causes: Difference between revisions

	Meningitis Main Page
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Overview
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Classification Viral Meningitis Bacterial Meningitis Fungal Meningitis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment

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Revision as of 01:52, 5 June 2014

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [3]

Overview

Most cases of meningitis are caused by microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasite, that spread through blood and into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).^[1] Non-infectious causes include cancer, systemic lupus erythematosus and certain drugs. The most common cause of meningitis is viral, and often runs its course within a few days. Bacterial meningitis is the second most frequent type and can be serious and life-threatening. Numerous microorganisms may cause bacterial meningitis, but Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae are the most common pathogens in patients without immune deficiency, with meningococcal disease being more common in children. Staphylococcus aureus may complicate neurosurgical operations, and Listeria monocytogenes is associated with poor nutritional state and alcoholicism. Haemophilus influenzae (type B) incidence has been much reduced by immunization in many countries. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the causative agent of tuberculosis) rarely causes meningitis in Western countries but is common and feared in countries where tuberculosis is endemic.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
Drug Side Effect	Allopurinol, amoxicillin, antiepileptic drugs, azathioprine, cetuximab, ibuprofen, intravenous immunoglobulin, isoniazid, lamotrigine, methotrexate, NSAIDs, OKT3 antibodies, phenazopyridine, rofecoxib, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Ear Nose Throat	Cholesteatoma, otitis media, sinusitis
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Whipple's Disease
Genetic	Common variable immunodeficiency
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Acanthamoeba, actinomyces, acinetobacter, adenovirus, angiostrongylus cantonensis, anthrax, arboviruses, aspergillus, bacteremia, bacteroides, bartonellosis, blastomyces dermatitidis, borrelia burgdorferi, brucella, burkholderia pseudomallei, california encephalitis virus, campylobacter, candida, chagas disease, chicken pox, chlamydia, coagulase-negative staphylococci, coccidioides immitis, colorado tick fever, coxsackie A virus, coxsackie B virus, cryptococcus neoforman, cytomegalovirus, eastern equine encephalitis virus, Echovirus, ehrlichiosis, enteroviruses, epidural abscess, epstein Barr virus, escherichia coli, gram-negative bacilli, haemophilus influenzae, herpes simplex type 2, herpes simplex type I, histoplasma capsulatum, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus, klebsiella, leptospira, listeria monocytogenes, Lyme disease, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, malaria, measles, mumps virus, mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, mycoplasma hominis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, naegleria fowleri, neisseria meningitidis, nocardia, otitis media, parainfluenza, pasteurella multocida, poliovirus, Powassan encephalitis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, rabies virus, Rat-bite fever, relapsing fever, rickettsia, rocky Mountain spotted fever, rotavirus, rubella, salmonella, Schistosomiasis, Serratia, simian herpes B virus, sinusitis, sporothrix schenckii, St. Louis encephalitis virus, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, subdural abscess, syphilis, toxoplasma gondii, treponema pallidum, trichinosis, trypanosomiasis, tuberculous meningitis, typhoid fever, varicella zoster virus, venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, west nile virus, western equine encephalitis virus, yersinia pestis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Meningeal carcinomatosis, metastasis
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Behcet's disease, complement deficiency, Kawasaki disease, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Head injury, skull fracture
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Post-vaccination

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed. ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 876&ndash, 9. ISBN 0838585299.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[Sherris-1] Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed. ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 876&ndash, 9. ISBN 0838585299.

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Meningitis}}
-{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:'''  {{CZ}}
+{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:'''  {{CZ}}; {{M.P}}
 ==Overview==
-Most cases of meningitis are caused by [[microorganisms]], such as [[viruses]], [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], or [[parasite]]s, that spread into the blood and into the [[cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF).<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | pages = 876&ndash;9 |edition = 4th ed. | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0838585299 }}</ref>  Non-infectious causes include [[cancer]]s, [[systemic lupus erythematosus]] and certain [[drugs]].  The most common cause of meningitis is viral, and often runs its course within a few days. Bacterial meningitis is the second most frequent type and can be serious and life-threatening. Numerous microorganisms may cause bacterial meningitis, but ''[[Neisseria meningitidis]]'' ("meningococcus") and ''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]'' ("pneumococcus") are the most common pathogens in patients without immune deficiency, with meningococcal disease being more common in children. ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' may complicate neurosurgical operations, and ''[[Listeria monocytogenes]]'' is associated with poor nutritional state and alcoholicism. ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' (type B) incidence has been much reduced by immunization in many countries. ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (the causative agent of [[tuberculosis]]) rarely causes meningitis in Western countries but is common and feared in countries where tuberculosis is endemic.
+Most cases of meningitis are caused by [[microorganisms]], such as [[viruses]], [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], or [[parasite]], that spread through blood and into the [[cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF).<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | pages = 876&ndash;9 |edition = 4th ed. | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0838585299 }}</ref>   Non-infectious causes include [[cancer]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]] and certain [[drugs]].   The most common cause of meningitis is viral, and often runs its course within a few days. Bacterial meningitis is the second most frequent type and can be serious and life-threatening.  Numerous microorganisms may cause bacterial meningitis, but [[Neisseria meningitidis]] and [[Streptococcus pneumoniae]] are the most common pathogens in patients without immune deficiency, with meningococcal disease being more common in children.  [[Staphylococcus aureus]] may complicate neurosurgical operations, and [[Listeria monocytogenes]] is associated with poor nutritional state and alcoholicism.  [[Haemophilus influenzae]] (type B) incidence has been much reduced by immunization in many countries.  [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]] (the causative agent of [[tuberculosis]]) rarely causes meningitis in Western countries but is common and feared in countries where tuberculosis is endemic.
 == Causes ==
+===Life Threatening Causes===
+Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
+*[[Bacterial meningitis]]
+*[[Head injury]]
+*[[HIV]]
+*[[vaccination|Post-vaccination]]
+*[[Skull fracture]]
 === Common Causes ===
 * [[Escherichia coli]]
@@ Line 23: / Line 31: @@
 {|style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
 |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |[[Bacterial endocarditis]]
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 35: / Line 43: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Dermatologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]], [[Phenazopyridine]], [[NSAIDs]], [[Ibuprofen]], [[Azathioprine]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Allopurinol]], [[amoxicillin]], [[antiepileptic drugs]], [[azathioprine]], [[cetuximab]], [[ibuprofen]], [[intravenous immunoglobulin]], [[isoniazid]], [[lamotrigine]], [[methotrexate]], [[NSAIDs]], [[OKT3 antibodies]], [[phenazopyridine]], [[rofecoxib]], [[trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Sinusitis]], [[Middle ear]] infection, [[Cholesteatoma]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cholesteatoma]], [[otitis media]], [[sinusitis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 55: / Line 63: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Whipple's Disease]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Whipple's Disease]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Common Variable Immunodeficiency]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Common variable immunodeficiency]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|Meningeal [[leukemia]], [[Lymphoma]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 71: / Line 79: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Yersinia pestis]], [[Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus ]], [[Varicella zoster virus]], [[Typhoid fever ]], [[Trypanosomiasis ]], [[Trichinosis]], [[Treponema pallidum]], [[Toxoplasma gondii]], Systemic [[candidiasis]], [[Streptococcus pneumoniae]], Streptococcal Group B, [[Staphylococcus aureus]], St. Louis encephalitis virus, [[Sporothrix schenckii]], Spirillum minor (rat bite fever), [[Serratia ]], Secondary [[syphilis]], [[Schistosomiasis]], [[Salmonella]], [[Rubella]], [[Rotavirus]], [[Rickettsia]], [[Rat-bite fever]], [[Rabies]], [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[Poliovirus]], [[Pasteurella multocida ]], Parameningeal bacterial infection [[epidural abscess]], subdural abscess, [[Parainfluenza]], Nocardia , [[Neisseria meningiditis]], [[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]], [[Mycoplasma hominis]], [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare]], [[Mumps]], Mountain tick fever, [[Measles]], [[Malaria]],  [[Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus]], [[Lyme disease ]], [[Listeria monocytogenes]], [[Leptospira]], [[Klebsiella]], [[Influenza]] A and B, [[HIV]], [[Histoplasma capsulatum]], [[Herpes virus]] 6, [[Herpes simplex]] type I, [[Herpes simplex]] type 2, Hand, Foot, & Mouth Disease, [[Haemophilus influenzae]], Group B [[Streptococcal Infections ]], Group A [[Streptococcal Infections ]], [[Escherichia coli]], [[Epstein Barr virus]], [[Enteroviruses ]], Encephalomyocarditis virus, [[Ehrlichia ]], [[ECHO viruses]], Eastern encephalitis virus, [[Cytomegalovirus]], [[Cryptococcus neoformans]], [[Coxsackie viruses]] types A and B, Congenital [[herpes simplex]], Colorado tick fever, [[Coccidioides immitis]], [[Chlamydia ]], [[Chicken pox]], [[Chagas disease]], [[Candida ]], [[Campylobacter ]], [[California encephalitis virus ]], [[Burkholderia pseudomallei]], [[Brucella ]], Borrelia recurrentis (relapsing fever), [[Borrelia burgdorferi]], (Lyme disease), [[Blastomyces dermatitidis]], [[Bartonellosis ]], [[Bacteroides]], [[Bacteremia ]], [[Aspergillus ]], [[Arboviruses]], [[Anthrax ]], Angiostrongylus cantonensis, [[AIDS]]-Related Opportunistic Infections - cryptococcal meningitis, [[Adenovirus]], [[Actinomycosis]], [[Actinomyces ]], [[Acanthamoeba]], [[Abscess]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acanthamoeba]], [[actinomyces]], [[acinetobacter]], [[adenovirus]], [[angiostrongylus cantonensis]], [[anthrax]], [[arboviruses]], [[aspergillus]], [[bacteremia]], [[bacteroides]], [[bartonellosis]], [[blastomyces dermatitidis]], [[borrelia burgdorferi]], [[brucella]], [[burkholderia pseudomallei]], [[california encephalitis virus]], [[campylobacter]], [[candida]], [[chagas disease]], [[chicken pox]], [[chlamydia]], [[staphylococci|coagulase-negative staphylococci]], [[coccidioides immitis]], [[colorado tick fever]], [[coxsackie A virus]], [[coxsackie B virus]], [[Cryptococcus|cryptococcus neoforman]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[eastern equine encephalitis virus]], [[Echovirus]], [[ehrlichiosis]], [[enteroviruses]], [[epidural abscess]], [[epstein Barr virus]], [[escherichia coli]], [[gram-negative bacilli]], [[haemophilus influenzae]], [[herpes simplex|herpes simplex type 2]], [[herpes simplex|herpes simplex type I]], [[histoplasma capsulatum]], [[human immunodeficiency virus]], [[influenza virus]], [[klebsiella]], [[leptospira]], [[listeria monocytogenes]], [[Lyme disease]], [[lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus]], [[malaria]], [[measles]], [[mumps virus]], [[mycobacterium avium-intracellulare]], [[mycoplasma hominis]], [[mycoplasma pneumoniae]], [[naegleria fowleri]], [[neisseria meningitidis]], [[nocardia]], [[otitis media]], [[parainfluenza]], [[pasteurella multocida]], [[poliovirus]], [[encephalitis|Powassan encephalitis]], [[pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[rabies virus]], [[Rat-bite fever]], [[relapsing fever]], [[rickettsia]], [[rocky Mountain spotted fever]], [[rotavirus]], [[rubella]], [[salmonella]], [[Schistosomiasis]], [[Serratia]], [[herpes virus|simian herpes B virus]], [[sinusitis]], [[sporothrix schenckii]], [[St. Louis encephalitis|St. Louis encephalitis virus]], [[staphylococcus aureus]], [[streptococcus pneumoniae]], [[subdural abscess]], [[syphilis]], [[toxoplasma gondii]], [[treponema pallidum]], [[trichinosis]], [[trypanosomiasis]], [[tuberculous meningitis]], [[typhoid fever]], [[varicella zoster virus]], [[venezuelan equine encephalitis virus]], [[west nile virus]], [[western equine encephalitis virus]], [[yersinia pestis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 93: / Line 99: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|Metatstatic carcinomas and [[adenocarcinomas]], Meningeal [[leukemia]], [[Meningeal carcinomatosis]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Leukemia]], Disseminated carcinoma, Acute [[leukaemia]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Meningeal carcinomatosis]], [[metastasis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 119: / Line 123: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[Complement]] component deficiency, [[Behcet's disease]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcet's disease]], [[complement deficiency]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 127: / Line 131: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Trauma'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Skull fracture]], [[Head injury]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Head injury]], [[skull fracture]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 135: / Line 139: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Western equine encephalitis ]], Western [[encephalitis]] virus, Weil's syndrome, [[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome]], Postvaccination, NOMID syndrome, [[Familial Mediterranean fever ]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[vaccination|Post-vaccination]]
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 143: / Line 145: @@
 ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
 {{Multicol}}
-*[[Abscess]]
 *[[Acanthamoeba]]
-*[[Actinomyces]] spp
+*[[Acinetobacter]]
-*[[Actinomycosis]]
+*[[Actinomyces]]
-*[[Acute leukaemia]]
 *[[Adenovirus]]
-*[[AIDS]]-Related Opportunistic Infections -cryptococcal [[meningitis]]
+*[[Allopurinol]]
-*Angiostrongylus cantonensis
+*[[Amoxicillin]]
-*[[Anthrax ]]
+*[[Angiostrongylus cantonensis]]
+*[[Anthrax]]
+*[[Antiepileptic drugs]]
 *[[Arboviruses]]
-*[[Aspergillus]] spp
+*[[Aspergillus]]
 *[[Azathioprine]]
-*[[Bacteremia ]]
+*[[Bacteremia]]
-*[[Bacterial endocarditis]]
 *[[Bacteroides]]
-*[[Bartonellosis ]]
+*[[Bartonellosis]]
 *[[Behcet's disease]]
 *[[Blastomyces dermatitidis]]
 *[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]
-*[[Borrelia]] recurrentis (relapsing fever)
+*[[Brucella]]
-*[[Brucella]] spp
+*[[Burkholderia pseudomallei]]
-*[[Burkholderia pseudomallei ]]
+*[[California encephalitis virus]]
-*[[California encephalitis virus ]]
+*[[Campylobacter]]
-*[[Campylobacter ]]
+*[[Candida]]
-*[[Candida]] spp
+*[[Cetuximab]]
 *[[Chagas disease]]
 *[[Chicken pox]]
-*[[Chlamydia]] spp
+*[[Chlamydia]]
 *[[Cholesteatoma]]
+*[[staphylococci|Coagulase-negative staphylococci]]
 *[[Coccidioides immitis]]
-*[[Colorado tick fever ]]
+*[[Colorado tick fever]]
-*[[Common Variable Immunodeficiency]]
+*[[Common variable immunodeficiency]]
-*[[Complement]] component deficiency
+*[[Complement deficiency]]
-*Congenital [[herpes simplex]]
+*[[Coxsackie A virus]]
-*[[Coxsackie viruses]] types A and B
+*[[Coxsackie B virus]]
-*[[Cryptococcus neoformans]]
+*[[Cryptococcus|Cryptococcus neoforman]]
 *[[Cytomegalovirus]]
-*Disseminated carcinoma
+*[[Eastern equine encephalitis virus]]
-*Eastern [[encephalitis]] virus
+*[[Echovirus]]
-*[[ECHO viruses ]]
+*[[Ehrlichiosis]]
-*Encephalomyocarditis virus
+*[[Enteroviruses]]
-*[[Enteroviruses ]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
-{{ColBreak}}
+*[[Epidural abscess]]
 *[[Epstein Barr virus]]
 *[[Escherichia coli]]
-*[[Familial Mediterranean fever ]]
+*[[Gram-negative bacilli]]
-*Group A [[Streptococcal Infections ]]
-*Group B [[Streptococcal Infections ]]
 *[[Haemophilus influenzae]]
-*Hand, Foot, & Mouth Disease
+*[[Head injury]]
-*Head injury
+*[[herpes simplex|Herpes simplex type 2]]
-*[[Herpes simplex]] type 2
+*[[herpes simplex|Herpes simplex type I]]
-*[[Herpes simplex]] type I
-*[[Herpes virus]] 6
 *[[Histoplasma capsulatum]]
-*[[HIV]]
+*[[Human immunodeficiency virus]]
-*[[Influenza]] A and B
+*[[Ibuprofen]]
+*[[Influenza virus]]
+*[[Intravenous immunoglobulin]]
+*[[Isoniazid]]
 *[[Kawasaki disease]]
 *[[Klebsiella]]
-*[[Ibuprofen]]
+*[[Lamotrigine]]
 *[[Leptospira]]
-*[[Leukemia]]
 *[[Listeria monocytogenes]]
-*[[Lyme disease ]]
+*[[Lyme disease]]
 *[[Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus]]
-*[[Lymphoma]]
 *[[Malaria]]
 *[[Measles]]
 *[[Meningeal carcinomatosis]]
-*Meningeal [[leukemia]]
+*[[Metastasis]]
-*Metatstatic carcinomas and [[adenocarcinomas]]
+*[[Methotrexate]]
-*[[Middle ear infection ]]
+*[[Mumps virus]]
-*Mountain tick fever
-*[[Mumps]]
 *[[Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare]]
-*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
 *[[Mycoplasma hominis]]
 *[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]
-*[[Neisseria meningiditis]]
+*[[Naegleria fowleri]]
-*[[Nocardia ]]
+*[[Neisseria meningitidis]]
-*NOMID syndrome
+*[[Nocardia]]
 *[[NSAIDs]]
+*[[OKT3 antibodies]]
+*[[Otitis media]]
+*[[Otitis media]]
 *[[Parainfluenza]]
-*Parameningeal bacterial infection , [[epidural abscess]] , subdural abscess
+*[[Pasteurella multocida]]
-*[[Pasteurella multocida ]]
+*[[Phenazopyridine]]
-{{ColBreak}}
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Poliovirus]]
-*Postvaccination
+*[[vaccination|Post-vaccination]]
+*[[encephalitis|Powassan encephalitis]]
 *[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
-*[[phenazopyridine]]
+*[[Rabies virus]]
-*[[Rabies]]
+*[[Rat-bite fever]]
-*[[Rat-bite fever ]]
+*[[Relapsing fever]]
 *[[Rickettsia]]
+*[[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]]
+*[[Rofecoxib]]
 *[[Rotavirus]]
 *[[Rubella]]
 *[[Salmonella]]
-*[[Sarcoid]]
+*[[Sarcoidosis]]
 *[[Schistosomiasis]]
-*[[Secondary syphilis]]
+*[[Serratia]]
-*[[Serratia ]]
+*[[herpes virus|Simian herpes B virus]]
 *[[Sinusitis]]
-*Skull fracture
+*[[Skull fracture]]
-*Spirillum minor (rat bite fever)
 *[[Sporothrix schenckii]]
-*St. Louis encephalitis virus
+*[[St. Louis encephalitis|St. Louis encephalitis virus]]
 *[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
-*Streptococcal Group B
 *[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]
-*Systemic [[candidiasis]]
+*[[Subdural abscess]]
+*[[Syphilis]]
 *[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
 *[[Toxoplasma gondii]]
-*[[Treponema pallidum]] [[syphilis]]
+*[[Treponema pallidum]]
 *[[Trichinosis]]
 *[[Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]]
-*[[Trypanosomiasis ]]
+*[[Trypanosomiasis]]
-*[[Typhoid fever ]]
+*[[Tuberculous meningitis]]
+*[[Typhoid fever]]
 *[[Varicella zoster virus]]
-*[[Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus ]]
+*[[Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus]]
-*[[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome  ]]
+*[[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome]]
-*Weil's syndrome
+*[[West Nile virus]]
-*Western [[encephalitis]] virus
+*[[Western equine encephalitis virus]]
-*[[Western equine encephalitis ]]
 *[[Whipple's Disease]]
 *[[Yersinia pestis]]