Meckel's diverticulum natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions

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===Complications===
===Complications===
*Common complications of [[Meckel's diverticulum]] include:<ref name="pmid17152574">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dumper J, Mackenzie S, Mitchell P, Sutherland F, Quan ML, Mew D |title=Complications of Meckel's diverticula in adults |journal=Can J Surg |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=353–7 |year=2006 |pmid=17152574 |pmc=3207587 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7944666">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cullen JJ, Kelly KA, Moir CR, Hodge DO, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ |title=Surgical management of Meckel's diverticulum. An epidemiologic, population-based study |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=220 |issue=4 |pages=564–8; discussion 568–9 |year=1994 |pmid=7944666 |pmc=1234434 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29078157">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hong J, Park SB |title=A case of retroperitoneal abscess: A rare complication of Meckel's diverticulum |journal=Int J Surg Case Rep |volume=41 |issue= |pages=150–153 |year=2017 |pmid=29078157 |doi=10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.10.012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28698005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lequet J, Menahem B, Alves A, Fohlen A, Mulliri A |title=Meckel's diverticulum in the adult |journal=J Visc Surg |volume=154 |issue=4 |pages=253–259 |year=2017 |pmid=28698005 |doi=10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2017.06.006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28473039">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cotter TG, Buckley NS, Loftus CG |title=Approach to the Patient With Hematochezia |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=92 |issue=5 |pages=797–804 |year=2017 |pmid=28473039 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.12.021 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28154669">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosat A, Pérez E, Oaknin HH, Mendiz J, Hernández G, Barrera M |title=Spontaneous hemoperitoneum caused by meckel's diverticulum in an elder patient |journal=Pan Afr Med J |volume=24 |issue= |pages=314 |year=2016 |pmid=28154669 |pmc=5267917 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2016.24.314.10384 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28051045">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rattan KN, Singh J, Dalal P, Rattan A |title=Meckel's diverticulum in children: Our 12-year experience |journal=Afr J Paediatr Surg |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=170–174 |year=2016 |pmid=28051045 |pmc=5154221 |doi=10.4103/0189-6725.194671 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27492813">{{cite journal |vauthors=Choi SY, Hong SS, Park HJ, Lee HK, Shin HC, Choi GC |title=The many faces of Meckel's diverticulum and its complications |journal=J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=225–231 |year=2017 |pmid=27492813 |doi=10.1111/1754-9485.12505 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27483571">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chabowski M, Szymanska-Chabowska A, Dorobisz T, Janczak D, Jelen M, Janczak D |title=A massive bleeding from a gastrointestinal stromal tumor of a Meckel's diverticulum |journal=Srp Arh Celok Lek |volume=144 |issue=3-4 |pages=219–21 |year=2016 |pmid=27483571 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26932405">{{cite journal |vauthors=Srisajjakul S, Prapaisilp P, Bangchokdee S |title=Many faces of Meckel's diverticulum and its complications |journal=Jpn J Radiol |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=313–20 |year=2016 |pmid=26932405 |doi=10.1007/s11604-016-0530-x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26884080">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alfa-Wali M, Wardle S, Nizar S, Bloom IT |title=Atypical presentation of a Meckel's diverticulum |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2016 |issue= |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=26884080 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2016-214464 |url=}}</ref>
*Common complications of [[Meckel's diverticulum]] include:<ref name="pmid17152574">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dumper J, Mackenzie S, Mitchell P, Sutherland F, Quan ML, Mew D |title=Complications of Meckel's diverticula in adults |journal=Can J Surg |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=353–7 |year=2006 |pmid=17152574 |pmc=3207587 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7944666">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cullen JJ, Kelly KA, Moir CR, Hodge DO, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ |title=Surgical management of Meckel's diverticulum. An epidemiologic, population-based study |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=220 |issue=4 |pages=564–8; discussion 568–9 |year=1994 |pmid=7944666 |pmc=1234434 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29078157">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hong J, Park SB |title=A case of retroperitoneal abscess: A rare complication of Meckel's diverticulum |journal=Int J Surg Case Rep |volume=41 |issue= |pages=150–153 |year=2017 |pmid=29078157 |doi=10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.10.012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28698005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lequet J, Menahem B, Alves A, Fohlen A, Mulliri A |title=Meckel's diverticulum in the adult |journal=J Visc Surg |volume=154 |issue=4 |pages=253–259 |year=2017 |pmid=28698005 |doi=10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2017.06.006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28473039">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cotter TG, Buckley NS, Loftus CG |title=Approach to the Patient With Hematochezia |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=92 |issue=5 |pages=797–804 |year=2017 |pmid=28473039 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.12.021 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28154669">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosat A, Pérez E, Oaknin HH, Mendiz J, Hernández G, Barrera M |title=Spontaneous hemoperitoneum caused by meckel's diverticulum in an elder patient |journal=Pan Afr Med J |volume=24 |issue= |pages=314 |year=2016 |pmid=28154669 |pmc=5267917 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2016.24.314.10384 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28051045">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rattan KN, Singh J, Dalal P, Rattan A |title=Meckel's diverticulum in children: Our 12-year experience |journal=Afr J Paediatr Surg |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=170–174 |year=2016 |pmid=28051045 |pmc=5154221 |doi=10.4103/0189-6725.194671 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27492813">{{cite journal |vauthors=Choi SY, Hong SS, Park HJ, Lee HK, Shin HC, Choi GC |title=The many faces of Meckel's diverticulum and its complications |journal=J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=225–231 |year=2017 |pmid=27492813 |doi=10.1111/1754-9485.12505 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27483571">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chabowski M, Szymanska-Chabowska A, Dorobisz T, Janczak D, Jelen M, Janczak D |title=A massive bleeding from a gastrointestinal stromal tumor of a Meckel's diverticulum |journal=Srp Arh Celok Lek |volume=144 |issue=3-4 |pages=219–21 |year=2016 |pmid=27483571 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26932405">{{cite journal |vauthors=Srisajjakul S, Prapaisilp P, Bangchokdee S |title=Many faces of Meckel's diverticulum and its complications |journal=Jpn J Radiol |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=313–20 |year=2016 |pmid=26932405 |doi=10.1007/s11604-016-0530-x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26884080">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alfa-Wali M, Wardle S, Nizar S, Bloom IT |title=Atypical presentation of a Meckel's diverticulum |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2016 |issue= |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=26884080 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2016-214464 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19661646">{{cite journal |vauthors=Komlatsè AN, Komla G, Komla A, Azanledji BM, Abossisso SK, Hubert T |title=Meckel's diverticulum strangulated in an umbilical hernia |journal=Afr J Paediatr Surg |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=118–9 |year=2009 |pmid=19661646 |doi=10.4103/0189-6725.54779 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Bleeding|Hemorrhage]]
**[[Bleeding|Hemorrhage]]
**[[Perforation]] of the [[Intestine|bowel]]
**[[Perforation]] of the [[Intestine|bowel]]
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*** [[Tumor]] arising in the wall of the [[diverticulum]]  
*** [[Tumor]] arising in the wall of the [[diverticulum]]  
** Littre hernia: The incarceration of a [[Meckel's diverticulum]] in an [[inguinal hernia]] is called a Littré hernia.<ref name="pmid27464282">{{cite journal |vauthors=Clasen K, Kalinski T, Meissner C, Bruns CJ, Meyer F |title=[77-year-old man with rare Littré's hernia] |language=German |journal=Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. |volume=141 |issue=15 |pages=1099–101 |year=2016 |pmid=27464282 |doi=10.1055/s-0041-109109 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25323188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qin D, Liu G, Wang Z |title=Littre's hernia in a paediatric patient |journal=Afr J Paediatr Surg |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=351–3 |year=2014 |pmid=25323188 |doi=10.4103/0189-6725.143168 |url=}}</ref>  
** Littre hernia: The incarceration of a [[Meckel's diverticulum]] in an [[inguinal hernia]] is called a Littré hernia.<ref name="pmid27464282">{{cite journal |vauthors=Clasen K, Kalinski T, Meissner C, Bruns CJ, Meyer F |title=[77-year-old man with rare Littré's hernia] |language=German |journal=Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. |volume=141 |issue=15 |pages=1099–101 |year=2016 |pmid=27464282 |doi=10.1055/s-0041-109109 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25323188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qin D, Liu G, Wang Z |title=Littre's hernia in a paediatric patient |journal=Afr J Paediatr Surg |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=351–3 |year=2014 |pmid=25323188 |doi=10.4103/0189-6725.143168 |url=}}</ref>  
==== Diverticulitis ====
*Occurs in approximately 10-20% of patients with symptomatic [[Meckel's diverticulum]]
*Seen in the elderly population
* Presentation:<ref name="pmid27146826">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marwah S, Singla P, Marwah N, Gupta S, Singh VP |title=Ileal stricture following Meckel's diverticulitis: a rare cause of intestinal obstruction |journal=Clin J Gastroenterol |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=118–23 |year=2016 |pmid=27146826 |doi=10.1007/s12328-016-0647-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25892011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hamilton CM, Arnason T |title=Ileitis associated with Meckel's diverticulum |journal=Histopathology |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=783–91 |year=2015 |pmid=25892011 |doi=10.1111/his.12717 |url=}}</ref>
** Intermittent, crampy [[abdominal pain]]
** [[Tenderness]] in the periumbilical area
* Mechanism:
** [[Stasis (medicine)|Stasis]] in the [[diverticulum]], particularly in one with a narrow neck leads to:
*** [[Inflammation]]
*** Secondary [[infection]]
*** [[Adhesion (medicine)|Adhesions]] may develop due to [[diverticular]] [[inflammation]] causing [[Symptom|symptoms]] of [[Bowel obstruction|intestinal obstruction]]
*** [[Peritonitis]]: [[perforation]] of the [[Inflammation|inflamed]] [[diverticulum]] may lead to [[inflammation]] of the [[peritoneum]], which is a thin [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] that lines the inside of the [[abdomen]]. 
==== Perforation ====
==== Perforation ====
* [[Perforation]] may present as:<ref name="pmid27507693">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ahmed Z, Chhabra S, Kankaria J, Jenaw RK |title=Meckel's diverticular perforation presenting as acute abdomen in the second trimester of pregnancy |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2016 |issue= |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=27507693 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2016-216643 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26175810">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farah RH, Avala P, Khaiz D, Bensardi F, Elhattabi K, Lefriyekh R, Berrada S, Fadil A, Zerouali NO |title=Spontaneous perforation of Meckel's diverticulum: a case report and review of literature |journal=Pan Afr Med J |volume=20 |issue= |pages=319 |year=2015 |pmid=26175810 |pmc=4491457 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2015.20.319.5980 |url=}}</ref>  
* [[Perforation]] may present as:<ref name="pmid27507693">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ahmed Z, Chhabra S, Kankaria J, Jenaw RK |title=Meckel's diverticular perforation presenting as acute abdomen in the second trimester of pregnancy |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2016 |issue= |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=27507693 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2016-216643 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26175810">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farah RH, Avala P, Khaiz D, Bensardi F, Elhattabi K, Lefriyekh R, Berrada S, Fadil A, Zerouali NO |title=Spontaneous perforation of Meckel's diverticulum: a case report and review of literature |journal=Pan Afr Med J |volume=20 |issue= |pages=319 |year=2015 |pmid=26175810 |pmc=4491457 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2015.20.319.5980 |url=}}</ref>  
Line 113: Line 98:


==== Umbilical anomalies ====
==== Umbilical anomalies ====
* Occurs in up to 10% of patients and consist of the following:
* Occurs in up to 10% of patients and consist of the following:<ref name="pmid19661646">{{cite journal |vauthors=Komlatsè AN, Komla G, Komla A, Azanledji BM, Abossisso SK, Hubert T |title=Meckel's diverticulum strangulated in an umbilical hernia |journal=Afr J Paediatr Surg |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=118–9 |year=2009 |pmid=19661646 |doi=10.4103/0189-6725.54779 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Cyst|Cysts]]  
** [[Cyst|Cysts]]  
** [[Sinus|Sinuses]]
** [[Sinus|Sinuses]]
Line 131: Line 116:
*** [[Surgery]]
*** [[Surgery]]
*** Exploratory [[laparotomy]]  
*** Exploratory [[laparotomy]]  
*** In case a fibrous band is found at [[laparotomy]], it should be excised because of the risk of [[volvulus]] and internal [[Hernia|herniation]].  
*** In case a fibrous band is found at [[laparotomy]], it should be excised because of the risk of [[volvulus]] and internal [[Hernia|herniation]].
==== Diverticulitis ====
[[File:Itisrgif.gif|500px|right|thumb|Meckel's diverticulitis <br> Source: Wikimedia commons <ref name="urlFile:Meckels Diverticulum AFIP.jpg - Wikimedia Commons">{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Meckel%27s_Diverticulum_AFIP.jpg |title=File:Meckel's Diverticulum AFIP.jpg - Wikimedia Commons |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>]]
*Occurs in approximately 10-20% of patients with symptomatic [[Meckel's diverticulum]]
*Seen in the elderly population
* Presentation:<ref name="pmid27146826">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marwah S, Singla P, Marwah N, Gupta S, Singh VP |title=Ileal stricture following Meckel's diverticulitis: a rare cause of intestinal obstruction |journal=Clin J Gastroenterol |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=118–23 |year=2016 |pmid=27146826 |doi=10.1007/s12328-016-0647-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25892011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hamilton CM, Arnason T |title=Ileitis associated with Meckel's diverticulum |journal=Histopathology |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=783–91 |year=2015 |pmid=25892011 |doi=10.1111/his.12717 |url=}}</ref>
** Intermittent, crampy [[abdominal pain]]
** [[Tenderness]] in the periumbilical area
 
* Mechanism:
** [[Stasis (medicine)|Stasis]] in the [[diverticulum]], particularly in one with a narrow neck leads to:
*** [[Inflammation]]
*** Secondary [[infection]]
*** [[Adhesion (medicine)|Adhesions]] may develop due to [[diverticular]] [[inflammation]] causing [[Symptom|symptoms]] of [[Bowel obstruction|intestinal obstruction]]
*** [[Peritonitis]]: [[perforation]] of the [[Inflammation|inflamed]] [[diverticulum]] may lead to [[inflammation]] of the [[peritoneum]], which is a thin [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] that lines the inside of the [[abdomen]]. 
 
==== Other complications  ====
==== Other complications  ====
* Other complications in [[Meckel's diverticulum]] include:<ref name="pmid27345602">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gasparella M, Marzaro M, Ferro M, Benetton C, Ghirardo V, Zanatta C, Zoppellaro F |title=Meckel's diverticulum and bowel obstruction due to phytobezoar: a case report |journal=Pediatr Med Chir |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=117 |year=2016 |pmid=27345602 |doi=10.4081/pmc.2016.117 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26040824">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lo T, Sagar J, Trickett J |title=A rare presentation of complication arising from Meckel's diverticulum in the form of diverticulotransverse colonic fistula in an adult |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2015 |issue= |pages= |year=2015 |pmid=26040824 |pmc=4460404 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2013-203330 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25309093">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu SY, Ho MH, Hsu SD |title=Meckel's diverticulum incarcerated in a transmesocolic internal hernia |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=37 |pages=13615–9 |year=2014 |pmid=25309093 |pmc=4188914 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13615 |url=}}</ref>
* Other complications in [[Meckel's diverticulum]] include:<ref name="pmid27345602">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gasparella M, Marzaro M, Ferro M, Benetton C, Ghirardo V, Zanatta C, Zoppellaro F |title=Meckel's diverticulum and bowel obstruction due to phytobezoar: a case report |journal=Pediatr Med Chir |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=117 |year=2016 |pmid=27345602 |doi=10.4081/pmc.2016.117 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26040824">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lo T, Sagar J, Trickett J |title=A rare presentation of complication arising from Meckel's diverticulum in the form of diverticulotransverse colonic fistula in an adult |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2015 |issue= |pages= |year=2015 |pmid=26040824 |pmc=4460404 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2013-203330 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25309093">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu SY, Ho MH, Hsu SD |title=Meckel's diverticulum incarcerated in a transmesocolic internal hernia |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=37 |pages=13615–9 |year=2014 |pmid=25309093 |pmc=4188914 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13615 |url=}}</ref>
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** Children  
** Children  
** Infants  
** Infants  
** Males  
** Males


===Prognosis===
===Prognosis===

Latest revision as of 19:54, 8 January 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sudarshana Datta, MD [2]

Overview

Meckel's diverticulum is mostly seen in male children (mostly <2 years of age). One fourth of untreated cases of Meckel's diverticulum may develop complications such as intestinal obstruction, hemorrhage, diverticulitis, bowel ischemia, and necrosis. Hemorrhage is the most common complication in patients with Meckel's diverticulum. Bleeding in patients may be minimal, recurrent or massive and shock-producing. The rate of bleeding is assessed based on quantity of blood lost in the stools, appearance of the material passing through the rectum and hemodynamic state of the patient. Depending on the extent of the symptom progression at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as excellent in cases where symptomatic Meckel's diverticulum is treated in a timely manner. Complete recovery may be expected with surgery in majority of the cases.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

Complications

Hemorrhage

  • Most common complication in patients with Meckel diverticulum
  • Accounts for one fourth of all complications
  • More commonly seen in:
    • Children younger than 2 years
    • Male sex

Intestinal obstruction

Perforation

Neoplasm

Umbilical anomalies

Diverticulitis

Meckel's diverticulitis
Source: Wikimedia commons [32]

Other complications

Prognosis

Prognosis of patients with Meckel's diverticulum is as follows: [38]

References

  1. "Meckel's Diverticulum | Cleveland Clinic".
  2. 2.0 2.1 Dumper J, Mackenzie S, Mitchell P, Sutherland F, Quan ML, Mew D (2006). "Complications of Meckel's diverticula in adults". Can J Surg. 49 (5): 353–7. PMC 3207587. PMID 17152574.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Cullen JJ, Kelly KA, Moir CR, Hodge DO, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ (1994). "Surgical management of Meckel's diverticulum. An epidemiologic, population-based study". Ann. Surg. 220 (4): 564–8, discussion 568–9. PMC 1234434. PMID 7944666.
  4. Hong J, Park SB (2017). "A case of retroperitoneal abscess: A rare complication of Meckel's diverticulum". Int J Surg Case Rep. 41: 150–153. doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.10.012. PMID 29078157.
  5. Lequet J, Menahem B, Alves A, Fohlen A, Mulliri A (2017). "Meckel's diverticulum in the adult". J Visc Surg. 154 (4): 253–259. doi:10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2017.06.006. PMID 28698005.
  6. Cotter TG, Buckley NS, Loftus CG (2017). "Approach to the Patient With Hematochezia". Mayo Clin. Proc. 92 (5): 797–804. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.12.021. PMID 28473039.
  7. Rosat A, Pérez E, Oaknin HH, Mendiz J, Hernández G, Barrera M (2016). "Spontaneous hemoperitoneum caused by meckel's diverticulum in an elder patient". Pan Afr Med J. 24: 314. doi:10.11604/pamj.2016.24.314.10384. PMC 5267917. PMID 28154669.
  8. Rattan KN, Singh J, Dalal P, Rattan A (2016). "Meckel's diverticulum in children: Our 12-year experience". Afr J Paediatr Surg. 13 (4): 170–174. doi:10.4103/0189-6725.194671. PMC 5154221. PMID 28051045.
  9. Choi SY, Hong SS, Park HJ, Lee HK, Shin HC, Choi GC (2017). "The many faces of Meckel's diverticulum and its complications". J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 61 (2): 225–231. doi:10.1111/1754-9485.12505. PMID 27492813.
  10. Chabowski M, Szymanska-Chabowska A, Dorobisz T, Janczak D, Jelen M, Janczak D (2016). "A massive bleeding from a gastrointestinal stromal tumor of a Meckel's diverticulum". Srp Arh Celok Lek. 144 (3–4): 219–21. PMID 27483571.
  11. Srisajjakul S, Prapaisilp P, Bangchokdee S (2016). "Many faces of Meckel's diverticulum and its complications". Jpn J Radiol. 34 (5): 313–20. doi:10.1007/s11604-016-0530-x. PMID 26932405.
  12. Alfa-Wali M, Wardle S, Nizar S, Bloom IT (2016). "Atypical presentation of a Meckel's diverticulum". BMJ Case Rep. 2016. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-214464. PMID 26884080.
  13. 13.0 13.1 Komlatsè AN, Komla G, Komla A, Azanledji BM, Abossisso SK, Hubert T (2009). "Meckel's diverticulum strangulated in an umbilical hernia". Afr J Paediatr Surg. 6 (2): 118–9. doi:10.4103/0189-6725.54779. PMID 19661646.
  14. Pattni V, Wright K, Marden P, Terlevich A (2016). "Meckel's diverticulum in an adult: an obscure presentation of gastrointestinal bleeding". BMJ Case Rep. 2016. doi:10.1136/bcr-2015-213852. PMID 27126093.
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