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| | [[File:ImageLymphadenopathy.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Lymphadenopathy]] |
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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Lymphadenopathy}} | | {{Lymphadenopathy}} |
| {{CMG}};{{AE}} {{ADS}}{{MV}} {{RT}} | | {{CMG}},{{shyam}};{{AE}} {{ADS}}, {{RT}} [[Ogechukwu Hannah Nnabude, MD]] |
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| {{SK}} Lymph nodes enlarged; Enlarged lymph nodes; Lymphadenitis; Swollen lymph nodes; Swollen/enlarged lymph nodes | | {{SK}} Lymph nodes enlarged; Enlarged lymph nodes; Lymphadenitis; Swollen lymph nodes; Swollen/enlarged lymph nodes<br> |
| '''For patient information, click [[Xyz (patient information)|here]]'''
| | '''For patient information, click [[Xyz (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| ==[[Lymphadenopathy overview|Overview]]== | | ==Overview== |
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| ==[[Lymphadenopathy historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
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| ==[[Lymphadenopathy classification|Classification]]== | | ==[[Lymphadenopathy classification|Classification]]== |
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| ==[[Lymphadenopathy pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== | | ==[[Lymphadenopathy pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| ==[[Lymphadenopathy causes|Causes]]== | | ==Histopathology== |
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| | ==Causes== |
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| ==[[Lymphadenopathy differential diagnosis|Differentiating Lymphadenopathy from other Diseases]]== | | ==[[Lymphadenopathy differential diagnosis|Differentiating Lymphadenopathy from other Diseases]]== |
| | ==[[Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| ==[[Lymphadenopathy epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== | | =Laboratory Evaluation of Lymphadenopathy= |
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| ==[[Lymphadenopathy risk factors|Risk Factors]]== | | =Diagnostic Radiological Testing= |
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| ==[[Lymphadenopathy screening|Screening]]==
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| ==[[Lymphadenopathy natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
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| ==Diagnosis==
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| [[Lymphadenopathy diagnostic study of choice|Diagnostic study of choice]] | [[Lymphadenopathy history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Lymphadenopathy physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Lymphadenopathy laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Lymphadenopathy electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Lymphadenopathy x ray|X-Ray Findings]] | [[Lymphadenopathy echocardiography and ultrasound|Echocardiography and Ultrasound]] | [[Lymphadenopathy CT scan|CT-Scan Findings]] | [[Lymphadenopathy MRI|MRI Findings]] | [[Lymphadenopathy other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Lymphadenopathy other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| [[Lymphadenopathy medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Lymphadenopathy interventions|Interventions]] | [[Lymphadenopathy surgery|Surgery]] | [[Lymphadenopathy primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Lymphadenopathy secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Lymphadenopathy cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Lymphadenopathy future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
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| ==Case Studies==
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| [[Lymphadenopathy case study one|Case #1]]
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| ==Causes==
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| ==Differentiating Lymphadenopathy from other Diseases==
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| * Lymphadenopathy must be differentiated from [[syphilis]], which may present as [[fever]], [[myalgias]], [[weight loss]], and [[lymph node]] enlargement.<ref name="pmid1590633">{{cite journal |vauthors=Deschenes J, Seamone CD, Baines MG |title=Acquired ocular syphilis: diagnosis and treatment |journal=Ann Ophthalmol |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=134–8 |year=1992 |pmid=1590633 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| ==Risk Factors==
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| *The most common risk factors in the development of lymphadenopathy, include:
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| :*Local soft-tissue infections
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| :*[[Upper respiratory tract infection]]
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| :*Foreign travel
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| ===Imaging Findings===
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| '''Ultrasonography'''
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| *On ultrasound, characteristic findings of lymphadenopathy, include:<ref name="pmid24753638">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mohseni S, Shojaiefard A, Khorgami Z, Alinejad S, Ghorbani A, Ghafouri A |title=Peripheral lymphadenopathy: approach and diagnostic tools |journal=Iran J Med Sci |volume=39 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=158–70 |year=2014 |pmid=24753638 |pmc=3993046 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="radio">Lymph node enlargment. Radiopedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/lymph-node-enlargement Accessed on May 9, 2016 </ref><ref name="AA">Lymph node enlargment. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_node Accessed on May 9, 2016</ref>
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| :*Increased lymph node size
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| '''CT'''
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| *On CT, characteristic findings of lymphadenopathy, include:<ref name="pmid24753638">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mohseni S, Shojaiefard A, Khorgami Z, Alinejad S, Ghorbani A, Ghafouri A |title=Peripheral lymphadenopathy: approach and diagnostic tools |journal=Iran J Med Sci |volume=39 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=158–70 |year=2014 |pmid=24753638 |pmc=3993046 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="radio">Lymph node enlargment. Radiopedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/lymph-node-enlargement Accessed on May 9, 2016 </ref><ref name="AA">Lymph node enlargment. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_node Accessed on May 9, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid10670052">{{cite journal |vauthors=van den Brekel MW, Castelijns JA |title=Imaging of lymph nodes in the neck |journal=Semin Roentgenol |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=42–53 |date=January 2000 |pmid=10670052 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11264102">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sumi M, Ohki M, Nakamura T |title=Comparison of sonography and CT for differentiating benign from malignant cervical lymph nodes in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=176 |issue=4 |pages=1019–24 |date=April 2001 |pmid=11264102 |doi=10.2214/ajr.176.4.1761019 |url=}}</ref>
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| :*Most nodes: 10 mm in short-axis
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| :*Sub-mental and sub-mandibular: 15 mm
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| :*Retropharyngeal: 8 mm
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| :*Loss of fatty hilum
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| :*Focal [[necrosis]]
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| :*Cystic necrotic nodes
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| :*Long-to-short axis ratio (>2cm - usually [[benign]])
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| *The upper limit in size of a normal node varies with location.
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| '''PET/CT'''
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| *On PET/CT, lymphadenopathy can be further assessed via quantitation of FDG uptake, which is a surrogate of metabolic activity. Infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic processes will show high FDG avidity on PET/CT. PET/CT is particularly useful for assessing response of lymph nodes to systemic chemotherapy.
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| '''MRI'''
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| *MRI is the most anatomically precise test for assessing lymphadenopathy. MRI is particularly useful for intraabdominal lymphadenopathy, which cannot be readily palpated via physical examination. MRI is more expensive than CT scan, so CT is preferred in general unless the clinical need for MRI arises.
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| == Treatment ==
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| *There is no treatment for lymphadenopathy; the mainstay of therapy is treating the underlying condition.<ref name="pmid24753638">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mohseni S, Shojaiefard A, Khorgami Z, Alinejad S, Ghorbani A, Ghafouri A |title=Peripheral lymphadenopathy: approach and diagnostic tools |journal=Iran J Med Sci |volume=39 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=158–70 |year=2014 |pmid=24753638 |pmc=3993046 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| **Infectious lymphadenopathy responds well to prompt treatment with antibiotics, and usually leads to a complete recovery. However, it may take months, for swelling to disappear. The amount of time to recovery depends on the cause.<ref name="AA">Lymph node enlargment. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_node Accessed on May 9, 2016</ref>
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| **Neoplastic (malignant) lymphadenopathy usually responds well to systemic chemotherapy.
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
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| [[Category:Dermatology]] | | [[Category:Dermatology]] |
| [[Category:Medical signs]] | | [[Category:Medical signs]] |
| [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] | | [[Category: Signs and symptoms]] |
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| [[Category:Physical examination]] | | [[Category: Physical examination]] |
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| {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} |
| {{WikiDoc Sources}} | | {{WikiDoc Sources}} |
| [[Category:Up-To-Date]] | | [[Category: Up-To-Date]] |
| [[Category:Oncology]] | | [[Category:Oncology]] |
| [[Category:Medicine]] | | [[Category:Medicine]] |
| [[Category:Infectious disease]] | | [[Category:Infectious disease]] |
| [[Category:Hematology]] | | [[Category:Hematology]] |
