Lobular carcinoma in situ

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Your Name Synonyms and keywords: Synonym 1; Synonym 2; Synonym 3

Historical Perspective

• [Disease name] was first discovered by [scientist name], a

[nationality + occupation], in [year] during/following [event].

• In [year], [gene] mutations were first identified in the pathogenesis

of [disease name].

• In [year], the first [discovery] was developed by [scientist] to

treat/diagnose [disease name].

Classification

• [Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method]

into [number] subtypes/groups:

• [group1]
• [group2]
• [group3]

• Other variants of [disease name] include [disease subtype 1],

[disease subtype 2], and [disease subtype 3].

Pathophysiology

• The pathogenesis of [disease name] is characterized by [feature1],

[feature2], and [feature3].

• The [gene name] gene/Mutation in [gene name] has been associated with

the development of [disease name], involving the [molecular pathway] pathway.

• On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are

characteristic findings of [disease name].

• On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2],

and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Causes

• [Disease name] may be caused by either [cause1], [cause2], or

[cause3].

• [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene1], [gene2], or

[gene3] gene[s].

• There are no established causes for [disease name].

Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases

• [Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause

[clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as:

• [Differential dx1]
• [Differential dx2]
• [Differential dx3]

Epidemiology and Demographics

• The prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number or range]

per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

• In [year], the incidence of [disease name] was estimated to be

[number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location].

Age

• Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
• [Disease name] is more commonly observed among patients aged [age

range] years old.

• [Disease name] is more commonly observed among [elderly

patients/young patients/children].

Gender

• [Disease name] affects men and women equally.
• [Gender 1] are more commonly affected with [disease name] than

[gender 2].

• The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to

1.

Race

• There is no racial predilection for [disease name].
• [Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
• [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

Risk Factors

• Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk

factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

• The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for

[duration/years].

• Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2],

and [manifestation 3].

• If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress

to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].

• Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1],

[complication 2], and [complication 3].

• Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10year

mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

• The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the

following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:

• [criterion 1]
• [criterion 2]
• [criterion 3]
• [criterion 4]

Symptoms

• [Disease name] is usually asymptomatic.
• Symptoms of [disease name] may include the following:

• [symptom 1]
• [symptom 2]
• [symptom 3]
• [symptom 4]
• [symptom 5]
• [symptom 6]

Physical Examination

• Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
• Physical examination may be remarkable for:

• [finding 1]
• [finding 2]
• [finding 3]
• [finding 4]
• [finding 5]
• [finding 6]

Laboratory Findings

• There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease

name].

• A [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
• An [elevated/reduced] concentration of

[serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].

• Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease

name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

Imaging Findings

• There are no [imaging study] findings associated with [disease name].
• [Imaging study 1] is the imaging modality of choice for [disease

name].

• On [imaging study 1], [disease name] is characterized by [finding 1],

[finding 2], and [finding 3].

• [Imaging study 2] may demonstrate [finding 1], [finding 2], and

[finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies

• [Disease name] may also be diagnosed using [diagnostic study name].
• Findings on [diagnostic study name] include [finding 1], [finding 2],

and [finding 3].

Treatment

Medical Therapy

• There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is

supportive care.

• The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and

[medical therapy 2].

• [Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action1].
• Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical

finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].

Surgery

• Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
• [Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is

the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].

• [Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease

stage] [disease name].

Prevention

• There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease

name].

• Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name]

include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].

• Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name]

are followedup every [duration]. Followup testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].