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Outcome differences have been observed according to the location of the [[LMCA]] [[stenosis]]. For instance, [[distal]] [[LMCA|left main]] involvement (~75%) [[lesion]]s have worse outcomes compared to more [[proximal]] [[lesion]]s.  
Outcome differences have been observed according to the location of the [[LMCA]] [[stenosis]]. For instance, [[distal]] [[LMCA|left main]] involvement (~75%) [[lesion]]s have worse outcomes compared to more [[proximal]] [[lesion]]s.  


[[Distal]] [[bifurcation Lesion|bifurcation]] involvement has poorer results when treated with a two [[stent]] approach (i.e. kissing [[stent]]s, culotte, T, etc). The approach is similar to other [[bifurcation lesion|bifurcation]] [[therapy|therapies]], but it has a higher risk with:
[[Distal]] [[Bifurcation Lesion|bifurcation]] involvement has poorer results when treated with a two [[stent]] approach (i.e. kissing [[stent]]s, culotte, T, etc). The approach is similar to other [[Bifurcation Lesion|bifurcation]] [[therapy|therapies]], but it has a higher risk with:
*Directional [[coronary artery|coronary]] [[atherectomy]] (DCA) alone
*Directional [[coronary artery|coronary]] [[atherectomy]] (DCA) alone
*[[atherectomy|DCA]] plus [[stent]]ing of the principal [[vessel]]
*[[atherectomy|DCA]] plus [[stent]]ing of the principal [[vessel]]

Revision as of 16:25, 15 January 2013

Percutaneous coronary intervention Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Risk Stratification and Benefits of PCI

Preparation of the Patient for PCI

Equipment Used During PCI

Pharmacotherapy to Support PCI

Vascular Closure Devices

Recommendations for Perioperative Management–Timing of Elective Noncardiac Surgery in Patients Treated With PCI and DAPT

Post-PCI Management

Risk Reduction After PCI

Post-PCI follow up

Hybrid coronary revascularization

PCI approaches

PCI Complications

Factors Associated with Complications
Vessel Perforation
Dissection
Distal Embolization
No-reflow
Coronary Vasospasm
Abrupt Closure
Access Site Complications
Peri-procedure Bleeding
Restenosis
Renal Failure
Thrombocytopenia
Late Acquired Stent Malapposition
Loss of Side Branch
Multiple Complications

PCI in Specific Patients

Cardiogenic Shock
Left Main Coronary Artery Disease
Refractory Ventricular Arrhythmia
Severely Depressed Ventricular Function
Sole Remaining Conduit
Unprotected Left Main Patient
Adjuncts for High Risk PCI

PCI in Specific Lesion Types

Classification of the Lesion
The Calcified Lesion
The Ostial Lesion
The Angulated or Tortuous Lesion
The Bifurcation Lesion
The Long Lesion
The Bridge Lesion
Vasospasm
The Chronic Total Occlusion
The Left Internal Mammary Artery
Multivessel Disease
Distal Anastomotic Lesions
Left Main Intervention
The Thrombotic Lesion

Left main intervention On the Web

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Directions to Hospitals Treating Percutaneous coronary intervention

Risk calculators and risk factors for Left main intervention

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [12]; Associate Editors-In-Chief: Neil M. Gheewala, M.D.

Left Main Intervention

Diagnosis

The left main coronary artery provides blood flow to two of the main coronary arteries (the left anterior descending artery as well as the circumflex coronary artery), and approximately 5% of all patients undergoing coronary angiography have significant (> 50%) left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenosis. Assessment of the left main is associated with the greatest amount of inter and intraobserver variability in angiography. The left main is short, and is often diseased with asymmetric lesions making its assessment on angiography difficult. There may be diffuse disease which may cause an underestimation of the extent of involvement on angiography. While luminal encroachment is defined as a minimum lumen area less than 4 mm² in the epicardial arteries, a minimum lumen area less than 6 mm² in the left main is considered to be significant. A minimum lumen area less than 6 mm² in the left main corresponds with a fractional flow reserve less than 0.75. A minimum lumen area less than 6 mm² also corresponds to a minimum lumen area less than 4 mm² in either the LAD or the circumflex arteries. In interrogating ostial lesions, it is critical to disengage the guide so that the guide is not mistaken for the lumen of the artery.

Treatment

The ACC/AHA recommends coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with significant LMCA disease who have angina and ACS. However, not all patients are operative candidates. Left main (LM) PCI can safely and effectively treat patients in whom coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is suboptimal, or in patients who have had prior CABG with a ‘protected’ LMCA. Protected left main in patients with prior CABG is defined as having at least one patent graft to the left anterior descending or circumflex artery. The main goal is to provide a treatment option for patients who would otherwise be poor surgical candidates, who are declined by surgery, or who refuse CABG. It is essential to properly select patients based on their anatomy as to whether they are optimal candidates for drug-eluting stents (DES) vs bare metal stents (BMS) vs bifurcation stents.

Appropriate Candidate Selection

CABG has generally been accepted as the standard of care for patients with LMCA disease. Left main intervention is considered a high risk subset of PCI, but it may be necessary for certain patients.

Candidates for LMCA PCI include:

  • Poor operative candidates
  • Low-risk patients who refuse CABG
  • Patients with 'protected' left main disease (see above)
  • Syntax score less than or equal to 22 is considered reasonable based on the Syntax trial (remains subject to debate)

High-risk features in patients with left main disease PCI include:

Technical Aspects of Performing PCI in the Left Main

Hemodynamic Monitoring and Support

Hemodynamic support is not mandatory, but it should be considered for high-risk patients who have refractory angina or are awaiting CABG with persistent angina on maximal medical therapy. Options include an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), Impella, and Tandom Heart. Also, pulmonary artery (PA) line monitoring may be helpful.

Pre-interventional Preparation: Clearly Define Relevant Anatomy

Characterizing the patient's anatomy may reduce complications and the duration of the intervention. This can be done through several different methods:

In addition to characterizing the patient's anatomy, it is essential to have all stents and balloons on the table, prepped, and ready to be deployed so that no time is wasted.

Antiplatelet Regimen

Reduce Ischemic Time

Besides selecting and prepping the equipment in advance, other methods can be employed to reduce ischemic time:

Appropriate Stent Selection

Consider using a BMS if the left main diameter is 3.5 mm or greater, and consider using a DES if the left main diameter is small or if the lesion is long. If there is an ostial lesion, the operator should assure that the aorto-ostial region is covered by a stent.

There is increasing evidence for better PCI outcomes using DES instead of BMS because of lower angiographic rates of restenosis and significant reductions in major adverse events[1]. There are unclear benefits of using one DES over another based on their design (open/closed cell, modular), strut thickness/radial strength, and type of drug/polymer.

Approach Dictated by Lesion Morphology

Outcome differences have been observed according to the location of the LMCA stenosis. For instance, distal left main involvement (~75%) lesions have worse outcomes compared to more proximal lesions.

Distal bifurcation involvement has poorer results when treated with a two stent approach (i.e. kissing stents, culotte, T, etc). The approach is similar to other bifurcation therapies, but it has a higher risk with:

Calcified lesions can be treated with rotational atherectomy or stenting.

Bulky plaque can be treated with directional atherectomy and stenting, or stenting alone.

Follow-Up Care

Exercise Tolerance Test Screening

There is a consensus opinion that it is important to aggressively screen for restenosis. Left main restenosis may unfortunately present as sudden cardiac death rather than recurrent angina. It is therefore recommended that repeat angiography be performed 2-3 months following the procedure, even in the absence of symptoms. Some operators also recommend additional angiography at 6 months to identify late restenosis.

Use of and Indwelling EKG Electrode and Alarming Device

In countries where it is available, implantation of an ischemia monitoring device, such as the AngelMed Guardian device[2], may permit ongoing surveillance for early detection of ischemia in these high risk patients.

Risk Factor Modification

Treating a patient with non-surgical methods include smoking cessation and cardiac risk factor modification.

Dual Antiplatelet Therapy

If a stent is placed, the patient should placed on prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy. Either clopidogrel or Prasugrel for the rest of the patient's life are suitable choices.

2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (DO NOT EDIT)[3]

Revascularization to Improve Survival in Left Main Coronary Artery Disease (DO NOT EDIT)[3]

Class I
"1. CABG to improve survival is recommended for patients with significant (≥50% diameter stenosis) left main coronary artery stenosis (Level of Evidence: B)"
Class III (Harm)

"1. PCI to improve survival should not be performed in stable patients with significant (greater than or equal to 50% diameter stenosis) unprotected left main CAD who have unfavorable anatomy for PCI and who are good candidates for CABG. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] (Level of Evidence: B)"

Class IIa

"1. PCI to improve survival is reasonable as an alternative to CABG in selected stable patients with significant (greater than or equal to 50% diameter stenosis) unprotected left main CAD with:

a. Anatomic conditions associated with a low risk of PCI procedural complications and a high likelihood of good long-term outcome (e.g., a low SYNTAX score [lower than or equal to 22], ostial or trunk left main CAD); and (Level of Evidence: B)
b. Clinical characteristics that predict a significantly increased risk of adverse surgical outcomes (e.g., Society of Thoracic Surgeons–predicted risk of operative mortality 5%). [4][5][6][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] (Level of Evidence: B)"

"2. PCI to improve survival is reasonable in patients with UA/NSTEMI when an unprotected left main coronary artery is the culprit lesion and the patient is not a candidate for CABG. [6][20][32][22][23][28][29][30][31][33] (Level of Evidence: B)"

"3. PCI to improve survival is reasonable in patients with acute STEMI when an unprotected left main coronary artery is the culprit lesion, distal coronary flow is less than TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) grade 3, and PCI can be performed more rapidly and safely than CABG. [17][34][35] (Level of Evidence: C)"

Class IIb

"1. PCI to improve survival may be reasonable as an alternative to CABG in selected stablepatients with significant (greater than or equal to 50% diameter stenosis) unprotected left main CAD with:

a. Anatomic conditions associated with a low to intermediate risk of PCI procedural complicationsand an intermediate to high likelihood of good long-term outcome (e.g., low-intermediateSYNTAX score of lower than 33, bifurcation left main CAD); and (Level of Evidence: B)
b. Clinical characteristics that predict an increased risk of adverse surgical outcomes (e.g., moderate-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, disability from previous stroke, or previous cardiac surgery; Society of Thoracic Surgeons–predicted risk of operative mortality greater than 2%). [4][5][6][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][36] (Level of Evidence: B)"

References

  1. Price MJ, Cristea E, Sawhney N; et al. (2006). "Serial angiographic follow-up of sirolimus-eluting stents for unprotected left main coronary artery revascularization". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47 (4): 871–7. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.12.015. PMID 16487858. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. Hopenfeld B, John MS, Fischell DR, Medeiros P, Guimarães HP, Piegas LS (2009). "The Guardian: an implantable system for chronic ambulatory monitoring of acute myocardial infarction". J Electrocardiol. 42 (6): 481–6. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2009.06.017. PMID 19631947.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, Bailey SR, Bittl JA, Cercek B, Chambers CE, Ellis SG, Guyton RA, Hollenberg SM, Khot UN, Lange RA, Mauri L, Mehran R, Moussa ID, Mukherjee D, Nallamothu BK, Ting HH (2011). "2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions" (PDF). Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 58 (24): 2550–83. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.006. PMID 22070837. Retrieved 2011-12-08. Text "PDF" ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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