Lead poisoning classification: Difference between revisions
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==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
*There is no established system for the classification of [ | ==Classification== | ||
*[ | *There is no established system for the classification of [[lead poisoning]]. | ||
*Based on the amount of lead in the blood and tissues, as well as the time of exposure, [[lead poisoning]] may be classified as either acute (from intense exposure of short duration) or chronic (from repeat low-level exposure over a prolonged period), but the latter is much more common.<ref name="Trevor07-479">[[#CITEREFTrevor07|Trevor, Katzung, Masters (2007)]] p. 479</ref> | |||
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Diagnosis and treatment of lead exposure are based on blood lead level (the amount of lead in the blood), measured in [[microgram]]s of lead per [[deciliter]] of blood (μg/dL). Urine lead levels may be used as well, though less commonly. In cases of chronic exposure lead often sequesters in the highest concentrations first in the bones, then in the kidneys. If a provider is performing a provocative excretion test, or "chelation challenge", a measurement obtained from urine rather than blood is likely to provide a more accurate representation of total lead burden to a skilled interpreter.<ref name="who.int">Lowry, Jennifer A. (2010) [http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/4_2_LeadOralChelators.pdf ORAL CHELATION THERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH LEAD POISONING] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126141333/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/4_2_LeadOralChelators.pdf |date=2016-01-26 }}. ''WHO''</ref> | |||
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Lead forms a variety of compounds and exists in the environment in various forms.<ref name="Grant09-761">[[#CITEREFGrant09|Grant (2009)]] p. 761</ref> Features of poisoning differ depending on whether the agent is an [[organic compound]] (one that contains carbon), or an [[inorganic]] one.<ref name="Katzung07-948"/> Organic lead poisoning is now very rare, because countries across the world have phased out the use of organic [[gasoline#Lead|lead compounds as gasoline additives]], but such compounds are still used in industrial settings.<ref name="Katzung07-948"/> Organic lead compounds, which cross the skin and respiratory tract easily, affect the [[central nervous system]] predominantly.<ref name="Katzung07-948"/> | |||
The US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] and the [[World Health Organization]] state that a blood lead level of 10 μg/dL or above is a cause for concern; however, lead may impair development and have harmful health effects even at lower levels, and there is no known safe exposure level.<ref name="Rossi09"/><ref name="Barbosa">{{cite journal|last1=Barbosa Jr|first1=F|last2=Tanus-Santos|first2=JE|last3=Gerlach|first3=RF|last4=Parsons|first4=PJ|title=A Critical Review of Biomarkers Used for Monitoring Human Exposure to Lead: Advantages, Limitations, and Future Needs|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=113|issue=12|pages=1669–74|year=2005|pmid=16330345|pmc=1314903|doi=10.1289/ehp.7917}}</ref> Authorities such as the American Academy of Pediatrics define lead poisoning as blood lead levels higher than 10 μg/dL.<ref name="Ragan09-JAAPA"/> | |||
OR | OR | ||
*The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system]. | *The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system]. | ||
Revision as of 23:20, 15 June 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].
OR
[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].
OR
[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3]. [Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
OR
Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.
OR
If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features: According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].
OR
The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].
OR
There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].
Classification
Classification
- There is no established system for the classification of lead poisoning.
- Based on the amount of lead in the blood and tissues, as well as the time of exposure, lead poisoning may be classified as either acute (from intense exposure of short duration) or chronic (from repeat low-level exposure over a prolonged period), but the latter is much more common.[1]
Diagnosis and treatment of lead exposure are based on blood lead level (the amount of lead in the blood), measured in micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood (μg/dL). Urine lead levels may be used as well, though less commonly. In cases of chronic exposure lead often sequesters in the highest concentrations first in the bones, then in the kidneys. If a provider is performing a provocative excretion test, or "chelation challenge", a measurement obtained from urine rather than blood is likely to provide a more accurate representation of total lead burden to a skilled interpreter.[2]
Lead forms a variety of compounds and exists in the environment in various forms.[3] Features of poisoning differ depending on whether the agent is an organic compound (one that contains carbon), or an inorganic one.[4] Organic lead poisoning is now very rare, because countries across the world have phased out the use of organic lead compounds as gasoline additives, but such compounds are still used in industrial settings.[4] Organic lead compounds, which cross the skin and respiratory tract easily, affect the central nervous system predominantly.[4]
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization state that a blood lead level of 10 μg/dL or above is a cause for concern; however, lead may impair development and have harmful health effects even at lower levels, and there is no known safe exposure level.[5][6] Authorities such as the American Academy of Pediatrics define lead poisoning as blood lead levels higher than 10 μg/dL.[7]
OR
- The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].
OR
- There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].
References
- ↑ Trevor, Katzung, Masters (2007) p. 479
- ↑ Lowry, Jennifer A. (2010) ORAL CHELATION THERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH LEAD POISONING Archived 2016-01-26 at the Wayback Machine.. WHO
- ↑ Grant (2009) p. 761
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2
- ↑
- ↑ Barbosa Jr, F; Tanus-Santos, JE; Gerlach, RF; Parsons, PJ (2005). "A Critical Review of Biomarkers Used for Monitoring Human Exposure to Lead: Advantages, Limitations, and Future Needs". Environmental Health Perspectives. 113 (12): 1669–74. doi:10.1289/ehp.7917. PMC 1314903. PMID 16330345.
- ↑