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__NOTOC__
____NOTOC__
{{Ischemic stroke}}
{{Adrenal_atrophy}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ochuko}}
{{CMG}};{{AE}} {{MHP}},{{MehdiP}}{{AA}},{{TarekNafee}},{{SaraM}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
The cause of stroke is an interruption in the blood supply, with a resulting depletion of oxygen and [[glucose]] in the affected area. This immediately reduces or abolishes [[neuron]]al function, and also initiates an [[ischemic cascade]] which causes neurons to die or be seriously damaged, further impairing brain function.
There are several causes for stroke. Some may cause hemorrhage and some causes ischemia. Among all of them there are several lethal causes which we need to be more cautious about them.
 
==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
The following table lists causes for stroke.<ref name="pmid17043443">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishimoto M, Arakawa KC |title=A patient with wegener granulomatosis and intraventricular hemorrhage |journal=J Clin Rheumatol |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=354–8 |year=2003 |pmid=17043443 |doi=10.1097/01.rhu.0000089967.51779.d7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7336321">{{cite journal |vauthors=Challa VR, Richards F, Davis CH |title=Intraventricular hemorrhage from pituitary apoplexy |journal=Surg Neurol |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=360–1 |year=1981 |pmid=7336321 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18320145">{{cite journal |vauthors=Flint AC, Roebken A, Singh V |title=Primary intraventricular hemorrhage: yield of diagnostic angiography and clinical outcome |journal=Neurocrit Care |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=330–6 |year=2008 |pmid=18320145 |doi=10.1007/s12028-008-9070-2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21215656">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fukutake T |title=Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL): from discovery to gene identification |journal=J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=85–93 |year=2011 |pmid=21215656 |doi=10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2010.11.008 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22858729">{{cite journal| author=Meretoja A, Strbian D, Putaala J, Curtze S, Haapaniemi E, Mustanoja S et al.| title=SMASH-U: a proposal for etiologic classification of intracerebral hemorrhage. | journal=Stroke | year= 2012 | volume= 43 | issue= 10 | pages= 2592-7 | pmid=22858729 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.661603 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22858729  }} </ref><ref name="Hart">Hart, Robert G., Bradley S. Boop, and David C. Anderson. "Oral anticoagulants and intracranial hemorrhage facts and hypotheses." Stroke 26.8 (1995): 1471-1477.</ref><ref name="Knudsen">Knudsen, Katherine A., et al. "Clinical diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: validation of the Boston criteria." Neurology 56.4 (2001): 537-539. </ref><ref name="Lovelock">Lovelock, C. E., A. J. Molyneux, and P. M. Rothwell. "Change in incidence and aetiology of intracerebral haemorrhage in Oxfordshire, UK, between 1981 and 2006: a population-based study." The Lancet Neurology 6.6 (2007): 487-493. </ref><ref name="pmid1117973">{{cite journal| author=Rümke CL| title=Letter: Implications of the statement: No side effects were observed. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1975 | volume= 292 | issue= 7 | pages= 372-3 | pmid=1117973 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1117973  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19246695">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hanley DF |title=Intraventricular hemorrhage: severity factor and treatment target in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage |journal=Stroke |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=1533–8 |year=2009 |pmid=19246695 |pmc=2744212 |doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.535419 |url=}}</ref>
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.


*[[Atrial fibrillation]]
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
*[[Eclampsia]]
! colspan="4" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Causes
*[[Infective endocarditis]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
 
===Common Causes===
*[[Aneurysm]]
*[[Arteriovenous malformations]]
*[[Atherosclerosis]]
*[[Atrial fibrillation]]
*[[Embolism]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
*[[Thrombosis]]
*[[Transient ischemic attack]]
*[[Traumatic brain injury]]
*[[Warfarin]]
 
===Causes by Organ System===
 
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Air embolism]], [[amyloid angiopathy]], [[amyloidosis ]], [[aneurysm]], [[antithrombin III deficiency]], [[arteriosclerosis obliterans]], [[arteritis]], [[atheroma]], [[atherosclerosis]], [[atrial fibrillation]], [[atrial myxoma]], atrial septal aneurysm, [[atrial septal defect]], [[bacterial endocarditis]], [[cardiac arrest]], [[carotid artery dissection]], [[carotid artery stenosis]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[dissecting aortic aneurysm]], [[dissection]], [[embolism]], [[endocarditis]], [[endomyocardial fibrosis]], [[familial hypercholesterolemia]], [[fibromuscular dysplasia]], [[hyperlipoproteinemia]], [[hypertension]], [[hypoxemia]], [[infective endocarditis ]], internal carotid agenesis, [[intracranial aneurysms|internal carotid artery aneurysm]], [[cerebral arteriovenous malformation|intracranial arteriovenous malformation]], [[ischemia]], [[left atrial myxoma]], [[thrombus|left atrial thrombus]], [[left ventricular aneurysm]], [[left ventricular thrombus]], [[Libman-Sacks endocarditis]], [[lipoprotein disorders classification|lipoproteinemia]], [[malignant hypertension]], [[marantic endocarditis ]], [[Meloxicam]], [[mitral annular calcification]], [[mitral valve prolapse]], [[multi-infarct dementia]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[papillary fibroelastoma]], [[patent foramen ovale]], [[pericardial effusion]], [[pulmonary arterio-venous malformation]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[Ramucirumab]], [[rheumatic heart disease]], [[rheumatoid vasculitis]], [[sick sinus syndrome]], [[Sneddon-Champion syndrome]], [[Sturge-Weber syndrome]], [[atrial flutter|sustained atrial flutter]], [[systemic hypertension]], [[Takayasu arteritis]], [[thromboembolism ]], [[thrombosis]], [[vascular dementia]], [[cerebral arteriovenous malformation|vascular malformations]], [[vasculitis]], [[vasoconstriction]], [[ventricular aneurysm]], [[vertebral artery dissection]]
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Disease
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Lethal causes
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Common causes
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Less common causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Transient ischemic attack]] (TIA)
| '''Dental'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Emboli]] from cardiac source (mostly secondary to [[Atrial fibrillation|AF]])
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Atherosclerotic plaque]]
* [[Thrombosis]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Arterial dissection]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Ischemic stroke]]
| '''Dermatologic'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[angioma|Angioma hereditary neurocutaneous]], [[Behcet's disease]], [[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]], [[rheumatoid vasculitis]], [[Sneddon-Champion syndrome]], [[Sturge-Weber syndrome]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[vasculitis]]
* [[Atrial fibrillation]]
* [[Eclampsia]]
* [[Infective endocarditis]]
* [[Myocardial infarction]]
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Aneurysm]]
* [[Arteriovenous malformations]]
* [[Atherosclerosis]]
* [[Atrial fibrillation]]
* [[Embolism]]
* [[Hypertension]]
* [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
* [[Thrombosis]]
* [[Transient ischemic attack]]
* [[Traumatic brain injury]]
* [[Warfarin]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Takayasu arteritis]]
* [[Vasculitis]]
* [[Vasoconstriction]]
 
* [[Infective endocarditis]]
* [[Lacunar infarcts]]
* [[Left atrial myxoma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Intracerebral hemorrhage]]
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | ---
|bgcolor="Beige "| [[Agalsidase beta]], [[Almotriptan]],[[Clomifene]], [[certolizumab pegol]], [[Dexamethasone]]- (epidural injection), [[diclofenac (patch)]], [[Diflunisal]], [[Eletriptan]], [[Erythropoietin]], [[Estropipate]], [[Etonogestrel]], [[Febuxostat]], [[Goserelin]],[[Letrozole]], [[Leuprolide]],  [[Medroxyprogesterone]], [[Mefenamic acid]], [[Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta]], [[Naratriptan]], [[Niacin]], [[Norgestimate and Ethinyl estradiol]], [[Norgestrel and Ethinyl estradiol]], [[Ospemifene]], [[Pergolide]], [[Piroxicam]], [[Polidocanol]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Progesterone]], [[meclofenamate]],[[Sumatriptan]], [[Tamoxifen]], [[Thalidomide]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Hypertension|Long-standing hypertension]]
 
* [[Cerebral amyloid angiopathy]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Arteriovenous malformation|Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)]]
* [[Aneurysms]]
 
* [[Cocaine]]
* [[Amphetamines]]
 
* [[Vasculitis]]
 
* [[Liver disease]]
* [[Anticoagulant]] medication
* [[Thrombolytic therapy]]
 
* [[Tumor|Brain tumor]]
* Hemorrhagic transformation of an [[ischemic stroke]]
* [[Moyamoya disease]]
* [[Tumor|Tumors]]
 
* [[Encephalitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]], [[Wolfram syndrome]]
Rupture of an aneurysm
|-
* [[Aneurysm|Saccular aneurysms]] (most common cause)
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* Fusiform [[Aneurysm|aneurysms]]
| '''Endocrine'''
* Mycotic [[Aneurysm|aneurysms]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[adenoma|Conn's adenoma]], [[Conn's syndrome]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes mellitus type I]], [[ diabetes mellitus type II]], [[Wolfram syndrome]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
|-
Rupture of an aneurysm
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* [[Aneurysm|Saccular aneurysms]] (most common cause)
| '''Environmental'''
* Fusiform [[Aneurysm|aneurysms]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Decompression sickness]], [[dysbarism]]
* Mycotic [[Aneurysm|aneurysms]]
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* [[Arteriovenous malformation]]
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
* [[Dural arteriovenous fistula]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
* [[Perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage|Perimesencephalic]]
|-
* [[Arterial dissection|Intracranial arterial dissection]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* [[Amyloid angiopathy]]
| '''Genetic'''
* Cerebral [[venous thrombosis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenosine deaminase deficiency]], [[familial dysfibrinogenemia|Ales dysfibrinogenemia]], [[CADASIL]], CARASIL, [[cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]], [[Fabry's disease]], [[Fabry's disease]],[[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia ]], [[factor V Leiden mutation]], [[familial hemiplegic migraine]], HERNS syndrome, [[homocystinuria]], [[ Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome]], [[lipoprotein disorders classification|lipoproteinemia]], [[MELAS]], [[Menkes disease]], [[methylmalonic acidemia]], [[ methylmalonic aciduria]], [[ mitochondrial diseases]], [[osteopetrosis]], [[progeria]], [[protein C deficiency]], [[protein S deficiency]], [[spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia]], [[Sturge-Weber syndrome]], [[velocardiofacial syndrome]], [[Werner syndrome]], [[Wolfram syndrome]]
* Cerebral [[vasculitis]]
|-
* Reversible vasoconstriction syndrome
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Hematologic'''
* Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after [[carotid endarterectomy]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[familial dysfibrinogenemia|Ales dysfibrinogenemia]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[antithrombin III deficiency]], [[Bing-Neel syndrome]], [[bleeding disorders]], [[embolism]], [[essential thrombocytosis]], [[factor V Leiden mutation]], [[hemophilia A]], [[heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[protein C deficiency]], [[protein S deficiency]], [[sickle cell anemia]], [[sickle cell disease]], [[essential thrombocytosis|thrombocythemia]], [[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
* Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome
|-
* Brain or cervical [[Tumor|tumors]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* Illicit drug use ([[cocaine]], [[amphetamines]])
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Air embolism]], [[bioprosthetic valves]], [[coronary angiography]], [[coronary artery bypass surgery|coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[HIV]], [[neurosyphilis]], [[syphilis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]], [[osteopetrosis]], [[spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Air embolism]], [[amyloid angiopathy]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[autonomic dysreflexia]], [[Binswanger's disease]], [[CADASIL]], CARASIL, [[carotid artery stenosis]], [[cerebral hemorrhage]], [[adult brain tumors|cerebral ventricle neoplasm]], [[familial hemiplegic migraine]], [[fibromuscular dysplasia]], [[giant cell arteritis]], [[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]], HERNS syndrome, [[HIV]], [[homocystinuria]], internal carotid agenesis, [[intracranial aneurysms|internal carotid artery aneurysm]], [[intracerebral hemorrhage]], [[cerebral arteriovenous malformation|intracranial arteriovenous malformation]], [[intracranial berry aneurysm]], [[intracranial hemorrhage]], [[lacunar infarcts]], [[lacunar stroke]], lipohyalinosis, [[migraine]], [[mitochondrial diseases]], [[moyamoya disease]], [[multi-infarct dementia]], [[posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome]], [[vasculitis|primary angiitis]], [[sleep apnea]], [[Sneddon-Champion syndrome]], [[subarachnoid haemorrhage]], [[transient ischemic attack ]], [[vascular dementia]], [[cerebral arteriovenous malformation|vascular malformations]], [[vertebral artery dissection]], [[Wolfram syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenosine deaminase deficiency]], [[amyloidosis]], [[cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]], [[Fabry's disease]], [[familial hypercholesterolemia]], [[homocystinuria]], [[hyperhomocysteinemia]], [[hyperlipoproteinemia]], [[lipoprotein disorders classification|lipoproteinemia]], [[Menkes disease]], [[methylmalonic acidemia]], [[methylmalonic aciduria]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[eclampsia]], [[pre-eclampsia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[angioma|Angioma hereditary neurocutaneous]], [[Bing-Neel syndrome]], [[adenoma|Conn's adenoma]], [[adrenocortical carcinoma|Conn-Louis carcinoma]], [[papillary fibroelastoma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]], [[giant cell arteritis]], HERNS syndrome, [[homocystinuria]], [[Wolfram syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[amphetamine|Amphetamine abuse]], [[cocaine|cocaine overdose]], [[crack addiction]], [[crystal meth addiction]], [[ecstasy overdose]], [[drug use|illicit drug use]], [[methamphetamine overdose]], [[narcotic addiction]], [[substance abuse]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Binswanger's disease]], [[conversion disorder]], [[multi-infarct dementia]], [[vascular dementia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypoxemia]], [[idiopathic pulmonary  fibrosis]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Subdural hematoma|Subdural hemorrhage]]
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Rupture of bridging vessels
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]], [[fibromuscular dysplasia]], [[fibromuscular dysplasia]], HERNS syndrome, [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Trauma (motor vehicle accidents, falls, and assaults)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Aneurysmal [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
* [[Arteriovenous malformation]]
* [[Meningioma]]
* Dural metastases
* [[Coagulopathy]]
* Neurosurgical procedures
* [[Cocaine abuse]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Epidural hemorrhage]]
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Rupture of middle meningeal arteries
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenosine deaminase deficiency]], [[amyloidosis]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[Behcet's disease]], [[giant cell arteritis]], [[HIV]], [[lupus]], [[rheumatoid vasculitis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[vasculitis]], [[velocardiofacial syndrome]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Trauma (motor vehicle accidents, falls, and assaults)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Intraparenchymal hemorrhage]]
| '''Sexual'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | ---
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Trauma (motor vehicle accidents, falls, and assaults)
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | Rupture of an aneurysm
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* [[Aneurysm|Saccular aneurysms]] (most common cause)
| '''Trauma'''
* Fusiform [[Aneurysm|aneurysms]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autonomic dysreflexia]], [[trauma]]
* Mycotic [[Aneurysm|aneurysms]]
|-
[[Arteriovenous malformation]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[coronary artery bypass surgery|Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery]], [[decompression sickness]], [[dysbarism]], [[mechanical heart valves]], [[premature aging]]
|-
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Intraventricular hemorrhage]] (IVH)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | ---
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Secondary to [[intracerebral hemorrhage]]
* Trauma (motor vehicle accidents, falls, and assaults)
* Vascular malformations (usually [[Arteriovenous malformation|arteriovenous malformations]] or [[Arteriovenous fistula|arteriovenous fistulae]])
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Intraventricular tumors ([[papilloma]], neurocytoma, [[meningioma]], metastases, [[astrocytoma]], [[ependymoma]])
* Intraventricular aneurysms
* [[Moyamoya disease]]
* [[Pituitary apoplexy]]
* [[Vasculitis]]
|}
|}
==Causes of Stroke Based on Classification==
===Ischemic Stroke Causes===
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]
*[[Arteritis]]
*[[Atherosclerosis]]
*[[Atrial fibrillation]]
* Atrial septal aneurysm
*[[Bioprosthetic valves]]
*[[Bleeding disorders]]
*[[Cardiac arrest]]
*[[Cardiac arrhythmias]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[coronary artery bypass surgery|Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery]]
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Dissection]]
*Drugs: [[Niacin]]
*[[Fibromuscular dysplasia]]
*[[Giant cell arteritis]]
*[[Hypoxia (medical)|Hypoxemia]]
*[[Infective endocarditis]]
*[[Lacunar infarcts]]
*[[Left atrial myxoma]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Left ventricular thrombus]]
*[[Libman-Sacks endocarditis]]
*[[Marantic endocarditis]]
*[[Artificial heart|mechanical heart valves]]
*[[Mitral annular calcification]]
*[[Moyamoya syndrome]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*Noninflammatory vasculopathy
*[[Papillary fibroelastoma]]
*[[Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation]]
*[[Patent foramen ovale]]
*[[Pericardial effusion]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Rheumatic heart disease]]
*[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
*[[atrial flutter|Sustained atrial flutter]]
*[[Takayasu arteritis]]
*[[Vasculitis]]
*[[Vasoconstriction]]
{{col-end}}
===Hemorrhagic Stroke Causes===
*[[Amyloid angiopathy]]
*[[Bleeding disorders]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Drug use|Illicit drug use]]
*[[Trauma]]
*[[cerebral arteriovenous malformation|Vascular malformations]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Aging-associated diseases]]
[[Category:Cardiovascular diseases]]
[[Category:Causes of death]]
[[Category:Medical emergencies]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Neurosurgery]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Revision as of 21:53, 27 July 2022

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maryam Hadipour, M.D.[2],Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [3]Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[4],Tarek Nafee, M.D. [5],Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [6]

Overview

There are several causes for stroke. Some may cause hemorrhage and some causes ischemia. Among all of them there are several lethal causes which we need to be more cautious about them.

Causes

The following table lists causes for stroke.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Causes
Disease Lethal causes Common causes Less common causes
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) Emboli from cardiac source (mostly secondary to AF) Arterial dissection
Ischemic stroke
Intracerebral hemorrhage ---
Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Rupture of an aneurysm

Rupture of an aneurysm

Subdural hemorrhage Rupture of bridging vessels Trauma (motor vehicle accidents, falls, and assaults)
Epidural hemorrhage Rupture of middle meningeal arteries Trauma (motor vehicle accidents, falls, and assaults)
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage --- Trauma (motor vehicle accidents, falls, and assaults) Rupture of an aneurysm

Arteriovenous malformation

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) ---
  1. ↑ Kishimoto M, Arakawa KC (2003). "A patient with wegener granulomatosis and intraventricular hemorrhage". J Clin Rheumatol. 9 (6): 354–8. doi:10.1097/01.rhu.0000089967.51779.d7. PMID 17043443.
  2. ↑ Challa VR, Richards F, Davis CH (1981). "Intraventricular hemorrhage from pituitary apoplexy". Surg Neurol. 16 (5): 360–1. PMID 7336321.
  3. ↑ Flint AC, Roebken A, Singh V (2008). "Primary intraventricular hemorrhage: yield of diagnostic angiography and clinical outcome". Neurocrit Care. 8 (3): 330–6. doi:10.1007/s12028-008-9070-2. PMID 18320145.
  4. ↑ Fukutake T (2011). "Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL): from discovery to gene identification". J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 20 (2): 85–93. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2010.11.008. PMID 21215656.
  5. ↑ Meretoja A, Strbian D, Putaala J, Curtze S, Haapaniemi E, Mustanoja S; et al. (2012). "SMASH-U: a proposal for etiologic classification of intracerebral hemorrhage". Stroke. 43 (10): 2592–7. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.661603. PMID 22858729.
  6. ↑ Hart, Robert G., Bradley S. Boop, and David C. Anderson. "Oral anticoagulants and intracranial hemorrhage facts and hypotheses." Stroke 26.8 (1995): 1471-1477.
  7. ↑ Knudsen, Katherine A., et al. "Clinical diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: validation of the Boston criteria." Neurology 56.4 (2001): 537-539.
  8. ↑ Lovelock, C. E., A. J. Molyneux, and P. M. Rothwell. "Change in incidence and aetiology of intracerebral haemorrhage in Oxfordshire, UK, between 1981 and 2006: a population-based study." The Lancet Neurology 6.6 (2007): 487-493.
  9. ↑ Rümke CL (1975). "Letter: Implications of the statement: No side effects were observed". N Engl J Med. 292 (7): 372–3. PMID 1117973.
  10. ↑ Hanley DF (2009). "Intraventricular hemorrhage: severity factor and treatment target in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage". Stroke. 40 (4): 1533–8. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.535419. PMC 2744212. PMID 19246695.
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