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==Therapy==
== [[Insulin resistance overview|Overview]] ==
The primary treatment for insulin resistance is [[exercise]] and [[weight loss]].  In some individuals, a low [[glycemic index]] or a low carbohydrate diet may also help.  Fasting might also help.  Both [[metformin]] and the [[thiazolidinedione]]s improve insulin resistance, but are only approved therapies for type 2 diabetes, not insulin resistance, per se.  By contrast, [[Growth hormone treatment|growth hormone replacement therapy]] may be associated with increased insulin resistance.<ref name=Bramnert_2003>{{cite journal | author=Bramnert M, Segerlantz M, Laurila E, Daugaard JR, Manhem P, Groop L | title=Growth hormone replacement therapy induces insulin resistance by activating the glucose-fatty acid cycle | journal=THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM| year=2003| volume=88 | issue=4 | pages=1455-1463 | url=http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/88/4/1455 | id=PMID 12679422}}</ref>


The ''Diabetes Prevention Program'' showed that exercise and diet were nearly twice as effective as [[metformin]] at reducing the risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes.<ref name=Knowler_2002>{{cite journal | author=Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group | title=Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin | journal=[[New England Journal of Medicine]]| year=2002 | volume=346 | issue=6 | pages=393-403 | url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/346/6/393 | id=PMID 11832527}}</ref>
== [[Insulin resistance historical perspective|Historical Perspective]] ==


Some types of [[Monounsaturated fat|Monounsaturated fatty acids]] and saturated fats appear to promote insulin resistance, whereas some types of [[Polyunsaturated fat|polyunsaturated fatty acids]] (omega 3) can increase insulin sensitivity.<ref name=Lovejoy_2002>{{cite journal | author=Lovejoy, JC | title=The influence of dietary fat on insulin resistance | journal=Current Diabetes Reports | year=2002 | volume=2 | issue=5 | pages= 435&ndash;440  | id=PMID 12643169}}</ref><ref name=Fukuchi_2004>{{cite journal | author=Fukuchi S | title=Role of Fatty Acid Composition in the Development of Metabolic Disorders in Sucrose-Induced Obese Rats | journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine | year=2004 | volume=229 | issue=6 | pages= 486&ndash;493 | url=http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/229/6/486 | id=PMID 15169967}}</ref><ref name=Storlien_1996>{{cite journal | author=Storlien LH | title=Dietary fats and insulin action | journal=Diabetologica | year=1996 | volume=39 | issue=6 | pages=621&ndash;631 | id=PMID 8781757}}</ref>
== [[Insulin resistance pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] ==


There are scientific studies showing that [[chromium picolinate]] can increase insulin sensitivity, especially in type 2 diabetics, but other studies show no effect. The results are controversial.
== [[Insulin resistance causes|Causes]] ==


Naturopathic approaches to insulin resistance have been advocated including supplementation of vanadium, bitter melon (momordica) and [[Gymnema sylvestre]].<ref name=Harinantenaina_2006>{{cite journal | author=Harinantenaina L | title=Momordica charantia constituents and antidiabetic screening of the isolated major compounds | journal=Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin (Tokyo) | year=2006 | volume=54 | issue=7 | pages= 1017&ndash;21 | url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb/54/7/54_1017/_article | id=PMID 16819222}}</ref>
== [[Insulin resistance differential diagnosis|Differentiating Insulin Resistance from other Diseases]] ==


==History==
== [[Insulin resistance epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]] ==
The concept that insulin resistance may be the underlying cause of [[diabetes mellitus]] type 2 was first advanced by Sir [[Harold Percival Himsworth]] of the University College Hospital Medical Center in London in 1936.<ref name=Himsworth_1936>{{cite journal | author = Himsworth HP | title = Diabetes mellitus: its differentiation into insulin-sensitive and insulin-insensitive types | journal = Lancet | year = 1936 | volume = 1 | pages = 127&ndash;130 | url= }}</ref>


==References==
== [[Insulin resistance risk factors|Risk Factors]] ==
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==See also==
== [[Insulin resistance screening|Screening]] ==
* [[Chronic Somogyi rebound]]
 
== [[Insulin resistance natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis]] ==
 
== Diagnosis ==
 
[[Insulin resistance history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Insulin resistance physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Insulin resistance laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Insulin resistance CT|CT]] | [[Insulin resistance MRI|MRI]] | [[Insulin resistance ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Insulin resistance other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Insulin resistance other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]


==External links==
== Treatment ==
* [http://www.insulinresistancecouncil.org  The National Insulin Resistance Council]
[[Insulin resistance medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Insulin resistance surgery|Surgery]] | [[Insulin resistance primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Insulin resistance secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Insulin resistance cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Insulin resistance future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
* [http://search.dmoz.org/cgi-bin/search?search=Insulin+resistance Insulin resistance] at the [[Open Directory Project]]
* [http://www.online-diabetes-information.com/insulin/insulin-resistance/ Insulin Resistance Information]
* [http://www.healthynerd.com/2006/08/02/bitter-melon-prickly-pear-cactus-reduce-glucose-levels-of-type-2-diabetics/ Bitter Melon, Prickly Pear Cactus, Address Insulin Resistance]
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[[Category:Diabetes]]
== Case Studies ==
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]


[[de:Insulinresistenz]]
[[Insulin resistance case study one|Case #1]]
[[ja:インスリン抵抗性]]
[[pl:Insulinooporność]]
[[pt:Regulagem da glicemia]]
[[fi:Insuliiniresistenssi]]
[[tr:İnsülin direnci]]
[[zh:胰岛素抵抗]]


{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
==Related Chapters==
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
* [[Chronic Somogyi rebound]]
* [[Metabolic syndrome]]

Latest revision as of 05:13, 8 July 2014

Insulin resistance
MeSH C18.452.394.968.500

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dayana Davidis, M.D. [2]

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Insulin Resistance from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | CT | MRI | Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

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