Infertility risk factors: Difference between revisions
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{{Infertility}} | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{NS}} | ||
==Infertility Risk factors== | |||
Several factors play a role in infertility among women, such as | |||
* Advanced age is the most common risk factor. Women who are over the age of 30 have a declining ovarian reserve. <ref name="pmid29049585">{{cite journal| author=Steiner AZ, Pritchard D, Stanczyk FZ, Kesner JS, Meadows JW, Herring AH | display-authors=etal| title=Association Between Biomarkers of Ovarian Reserve and Infertility Among Older Women of Reproductive Age. | journal=JAMA | year= 2017 | volume= 318 | issue= 14 | pages= 1367-1376 | pmid=29049585 | doi=10.1001/jama.2017.14588 | pmc=5744252 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29049585 }} </ref> | |||
* Chronic diseases such as [[diabetes]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[hypertension]] etc also may cause infertility.<ref name="pmid31635966">{{cite journal| author=Thong EP, Codner E, Laven JSE, Teede H| title=Diabetes: a metabolic and reproductive disorder in women. | journal=Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 2 | pages= 134-149 | pmid=31635966 | doi=10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30345-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31635966 }} </ref> | |||
* Obesity is linked to infertility via various pathways, including peripheral aromatisation of [[estrogen]]s leading to increased [[testosterone]] production which decreases [[gonadotropin]] secretion.<ref name="pmid28292619">{{cite journal| author=Broughton DE, Moley KH| title=Obesity and female infertility: potential mediators of obesity's impact. | journal=Fertil Steril | year= 2017 | volume= 107 | issue= 4 | pages= 840-847 | pmid=28292619 | doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.01.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28292619 }} </ref> | |||
* Being underweight also causes infertility as evidenced by the [[female athlete triad]]. Low body weight is linked to infertility and sub fertility due to functional hypothalamic [[amenorrhea]]. | |||
* [[Hormone|Hormonal]] imbalance can cause infertility. The most common cause of hormonal imbalance is [[PCOS]]. | |||
* Environmental hazards such as smoking, [[alcohol]] abuse, [[drug]] abuse etc. | |||
* Untreated or improperly treated [[sexually transmitted infections]] which can lead to [[pelvic inflammatory disease]] and cause [[adhesions]], [[synechiae]] and [[scarring]]. | |||
* Previous [[pelvis|pelvic]] or [[abdomen|abdominal]] surgery. | |||
* [[Endometriosis]] and [[adenomyosis]] | |||
* Uterine [[fibroid]]s | |||
* High levels of stress among women have been associated with decreased fertility. <ref name="pmid10428147">{{cite journal| author=Hjollund NH, Jensen TK, Bonde JP, Henriksen TB, Andersson AM, Kolstad HA | display-authors=etal| title=Distress and reduced fertility: a follow-up study of first-pregnancy planners. | journal=Fertil Steril | year= 1999 | volume= 72 | issue= 1 | pages= 47-53 | pmid=10428147 | doi=10.1016/s0015-0282(99)00186-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10428147 }} </ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 14:27, 23 September 2020
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sanjana Nethagani, M.B.B.S.[2]
Infertility Risk factors
Several factors play a role in infertility among women, such as
- Advanced age is the most common risk factor. Women who are over the age of 30 have a declining ovarian reserve. [1]
- Chronic diseases such as diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hypertension etc also may cause infertility.[2]
- Obesity is linked to infertility via various pathways, including peripheral aromatisation of estrogens leading to increased testosterone production which decreases gonadotropin secretion.[3]
- Being underweight also causes infertility as evidenced by the female athlete triad. Low body weight is linked to infertility and sub fertility due to functional hypothalamic amenorrhea.
- Hormonal imbalance can cause infertility. The most common cause of hormonal imbalance is PCOS.
- Environmental hazards such as smoking, alcohol abuse, drug abuse etc.
- Untreated or improperly treated sexually transmitted infections which can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and cause adhesions, synechiae and scarring.
- Previous pelvic or abdominal surgery.
- Endometriosis and adenomyosis
- Uterine fibroids
- High levels of stress among women have been associated with decreased fertility. [4]
References
- ↑ Steiner AZ, Pritchard D, Stanczyk FZ, Kesner JS, Meadows JW, Herring AH; et al. (2017). "Association Between Biomarkers of Ovarian Reserve and Infertility Among Older Women of Reproductive Age". JAMA. 318 (14): 1367–1376. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.14588. PMC 5744252. PMID 29049585.
- ↑ Thong EP, Codner E, Laven JSE, Teede H (2020). "Diabetes: a metabolic and reproductive disorder in women". Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 8 (2): 134–149. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30345-6. PMID 31635966.
- ↑ Broughton DE, Moley KH (2017). "Obesity and female infertility: potential mediators of obesity's impact". Fertil Steril. 107 (4): 840–847. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.01.017. PMID 28292619.
- ↑ Hjollund NH, Jensen TK, Bonde JP, Henriksen TB, Andersson AM, Kolstad HA; et al. (1999). "Distress and reduced fertility: a follow-up study of first-pregnancy planners". Fertil Steril. 72 (1): 47–53. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(99)00186-7. PMID 10428147.