Hypopituitarism causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]

Cause

Common Causes

Hypopituitarism and panhypopituitarism can be congenital or acquired. A partial list of causes and forms:

• Congenital hypopituitarism
  • Hypoplasia of the pituitary
    • Isolated idiopathic congenital hypopituitarism
    • Associated with other congenital syndromes and birth defects
      • Septo-optic dysplasia
      • Holoprosencephaly
      • Chromosome 22 deletion syndrome
      • Rapaport syndrome
  • Single gene defect forms of anterior pituitary hormone deficiency
• Acquired hypopituitarism (Simmonds' disease)
  • Trauma (e.g., skull base fracture)
  • Surgery (e.g., removal of pituitary neoplasm)
  • Tumor - secretory and non-secretory (20%) pituitary or hypothalamic neoplasms, cause hypopituitarism by compressing the remaining tissue
  • Inflammation (e.g. sarcoidosis or autoimmune hypophysitis)
  • Radiation (e.g., after cranial irradiation for childhood leukemia)
  • Shock
    • (Sheehan's syndrome is hypopituitarism after heavy bleeding in childbirth)
  • Hemochromatosis
• other diseases.

Causes in Alphabetical Order

• Anorexia Nervosa
• Bulimia Nervosa
• Changes in body weight
• Congestive Heart Failure
• Emotional disorders
• Empty Sella Syndrome
• Habitual exercise
• Head Trauma
• Hemochromatosis
• Infection

• Fungal
• Malaria
• Meningitis
• Syphillis
• Tuberculosis

• Ischemic nerosis of the pituitary

• Anticoagulant therapy
• Arteriosclerosis
• Arteritis temporalis
• Blood dyscrasias
• Brain Trauma
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Eclampsia
• Increased cranial pressure
• Sheehan's Syndrome
• Sickle Cell Anemia
• Tumor

• Iatrogenic
• Parasellar tumor/pituitary compression

• Craniopharyngioma
• Chromophobe adenoma
• Intracranial cartoid branch aneurysm
• Lymphoma
• Meningioma
• Metasteses
• Optic nerve neuroma

• Pituitary adenomas
• Renal Failure
• Sarcoidosis
• Wegener's Granulomatosis

Hypopituitarism Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Hypopituitarism from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
X Ray
CT
MRI
Ultrasound
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Case #1
Hypopituitarism causes On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hypopituitarism causes All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Hypopituitarism causes
CDC on Hypopituitarism causes
Hypopituitarism causes in the news
Blogs on Hypopituitarism causes
Directions to Hospitals Treating Hypopituitarism
Risk calculators and risk factors for Hypopituitarism causes

Hypothalmic	Mass lesions  Benign (craniopharyngiomas) Malignant tumors (metastatic from lung, breast, etc)
	Radiation :  CNS and nasopharyngeal malignancies
	Infections: Tuberculous meningitis
	Infiltrative lesions: Sarcoidosis Langerhans cell histiocytosis
	Other : Traumatic brain injury Stroke
Pituitary	Mass lesions: Pituitary adenomas Other benign tumors Cysts
	Pituitary radiation
	Pituitary surgery
	Infection/abscess
	Infiltrative lesions: Hypophysitis - Lymphocytic hypophysitis - Granulomatous hypophysitis - Plasmacytic (IgG4-associated) hypophysitis 2. Hemochromatosis
	Infarction: Sheehan syndrome
	Apoplexy
	Empty sella
	Genetic mutations

Isolated hormone abnormalities	Gene	Inheritance	Phenotype
	GH1	AR, AD	Isolated GH deficiency
	GHRHR	AR	Isolated GH deficiency
	TSHB	AR	Isolated TSH deficiency
	TRHR	AR	Isolated TSH deficiency
	TPIT	AR	Isolated ACTH deficiency
	GnRHR	AR	HH
	PC1	AR	ACTH deficiency, hypoglycemia, HH, obesity
	POMC	AR	ACTH deficiency, obesity, red hair
	DAX1	XL	Adrenal hypoplasia congenital and HH
	CRH	AR	CRH deficiency
	KAL1	XL	Kallman syndrome, renal agenesis, synkinesia
	FGFR1	AD, AR	Kallman syndrome, cleft lip and palate, facial dysmorphism
	Leptin	AR	HH, obesity
	Leptin-R	AR	HH, obesity
	GPR54	AR	HH
	Kisspeptin	AR	HH
	FSHB	AR	Primary amenorrhea, defective spermatogenesis
	LHB	AR	Delayed puberty
	PROK2	AD	Kallman syndrome, severe sleep disorder, obesity
	PROKR2	AD, AR	Kallman syndrome
	AVP-NPII	AR, AD	Diabetes insipidus
Combined pituitary hormone deficiency	POU1F1	AR, AD	GH, TSH and prolactin deficiencies
	PROP1	AR	GH, TSH, LH, FSH, prolactin, and evolving ACTH deficiencies
Specific syndromes	HESX1	AR, AD	Septo-optic dysplasia
	LHX3	AR	GH, TSH, LH, FSH, prolactin deficiencies, limited neck rotation
	LHX4	AD	GH, TSH, ACTH deficiencies with cerebellar abnormalities
	SOX3	XL	Hypopituitarism and mental retardation
	GLI2	AD	Holoprosencephaly and multiple midline defects
	SOX2	AD	Anophthalmia, hypopituitarism, oesophageal atresia
	GLI3	AD	Pallister-Hall syndrome
	PITX2	AD	Rieger syndrome