Hyperparathyroidism causes: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 9: Line 9:
Causes of primary hyperparathyroidism are as follows:
Causes of primary hyperparathyroidism are as follows:
===Common causes===
===Common causes===
*[[Parathyroid adenoma]]
*[[Parathyroid adenoma]]<ref name="pmid20614300">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wieneke JA, Smith A |title=Parathyroid adenoma |journal=Head Neck Pathol |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=305–8 |year=2008 |pmid=20614300 |pmc=2807581 |doi=10.1007/s12105-008-0088-8 |url=}}</ref>
**Usually single gland affected
**Usually single gland affected
**Sometimes multiple gland affected
**Sometimes multiple gland affected

Revision as of 18:49, 16 August 2017

Hyperparathyroidism Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Hyperparathyroidism from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X Ray

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Hyperparathyroidism causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hyperparathyroidism causes

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Hyperparathyroidism causes

CDC on Hyperparathyroidism causes

Hyperparathyroidism causes in the news

Blogs on Hyperparathyroidism causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Hyperparathyroidism

Risk calculators and risk factors for Hyperparathyroidism causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[2]

Overview

Hyperparathyroidism is caused by an increase in concentration of parathyroid hormone in serum. There are three type of hyperparathyroidism including primary, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. There are an array of different causes for all types of hyperparathyroidism. Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is parathyroid adenoma (85%) folllowed by parathyroid hyperplasia (15%), and parathyroid carcinoma (5%). Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism is chronic renal failure and vitamin D deficiency. Most common cause of tertiary hyperparathyroidism is chronic renal failure.

Causes of Primary hyperparathyroidism

Causes of primary hyperparathyroidism are as follows:

Common causes

Less common causes

Genetic causes

Causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism

Causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism are as follows:

Common causes

Less common causes

Causes of tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Causes of tertiary hyperparathyroidism are as follows:

Common causes

Less common cause

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, parathyroid carcinoma, familial isolated hyperparathyroidism
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Celiac disease, fastric bypass surgery, malabsorption syndrome
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic Vitamin D deficiency
Iatrogenic Gastric bypass surgery, radiation exposure
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic Vitamin D deficiency, severe calcium deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome, neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid adenoma,parathyroid carcinoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1)
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte Chronic renal failure, renal transplant, severe calcium deficiency
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Celiac disease
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
3

References

  1. Wieneke JA, Smith A (2008). "Parathyroid adenoma". Head Neck Pathol. 2 (4): 305–8. doi:10.1007/s12105-008-0088-8. PMC 2807581. PMID 20614300.
  2. Boehm BO, Rosinger S, Belyi D, Dietrich JW (2011). "The parathyroid as a target for radiation damage". N Engl J Med. 365 (7): 676–8. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1104982. PMID 21848480.
  3. McMullen T, Bodie G, Gill A, Ihre-Lundgren C, Shun A, Bergin M; et al. (2009). "Hyperparathyroidism after irradiation for childhood malignancy". Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 73 (4): 1164–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.06.1487. PMID 18774659.
  4. Tisell LE, Hansson G, Lindberg S, Ragnhult I (1977). "Hyperparathyroidism in persons treated with X-rays for tuberculous cervical adenitis". Cancer. 40 (2): 846–54. PMID 890665.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Maida MJ, Praveen E, Crimmins SR, Swift GL (2006). "Coeliac disease and primary hyperparathyroidism: an association?". Postgrad Med J. 82 (974): 833–5. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2006.045500. PMC 2653933. PMID 17148709.
  6. Ludvigsson JF, Kämpe O, Lebwohl B, Green PH, Silverberg SJ, Ekbom A (2012). "Primary hyperparathyroidism and celiac disease: a population-based cohort study". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97 (3): 897–904. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2639. PMC 3319223. PMID 22238405.
  7. Shattuck TM, Välimäki S, Obara T, Gaz RD, Clark OH, Shoback D; et al. (2003). "Somatic and germ-line mutations of the HRPT2 gene in sporadic parathyroid carcinoma". N Engl J Med. 349 (18): 1722–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa031237. PMID 14585940.
  8. 8.0 8.1 Westin G, Björklund P, Akerström G (2009). "Molecular genetics of parathyroid disease". World J Surg. 33 (11): 2224–33. doi:10.1007/s00268-009-0022-6. PMID 19373510.
  9. Hsi ED, Zukerberg LR, Yang WI, Arnold A (1996). "Cyclin D1/PRAD1 expression in parathyroid adenomas: an immunohistochemical study". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 81 (5): 1736–9. doi:10.1210/jcem.81.5.8626826. PMID 8626826.
  10. Agarwal SK, Kester MB, Debelenko LV, Heppner C, Emmert-Buck MR, Skarulis MC; et al. (1997). "Germline mutations of the MEN1 gene in familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and related states". Hum Mol Genet. 6 (7): 1169–75. PMID 9215689.
  11. Rodriguez M, Nemeth E, Martin D (2005). "The calcium-sensing receptor: a key factor in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism". Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 288 (2): F253–64. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00302.2004. PMID 15507543.
  12. Lips P (2001). "Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications". Endocr Rev. 22 (4): 477–501. doi:10.1210/edrv.22.4.0437. PMID 11493580.
  13. Mehrotra M, Gupta SK, Kumar K, Awasthi PK, Dubey M, Pandey CM; et al. (2006). "Calcium deficiency-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteopenia are rapidly reversible with calcium supplementation in growing rabbit pups". Br J Nutr. 95 (3): 582–90. PMID 16512945.
  14. Johnson JM, Maher JW, DeMaria EJ, Downs RW, Wolfe LG, Kellum JM (2006). "The long-term effects of gastric bypass on vitamin D metabolism". Ann. Surg. 243 (5): 701–4, discussion 704–5. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000216773.47825.c1. PMC 1570540. PMID 16633006.
  15. Pitt SC, Sippel RS, Chen H (2009). "Secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, state of the art surgical management". Surg. Clin. North Am. 89 (5): 1227–39. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2009.06.011. PMC 2905047. PMID 19836494.
  16. Kilgo MS, Pirsch JD, Warner TF, Starling JR (1998). "Tertiary hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation: surgical strategy". Surgery. 124 (4): 677–83, discussion 683–4. doi:10.1067/msy.1998.91483. PMID 9780988.