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{{Hypercalcemia (patient information)}}
'''For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click [[Hypercalcemia|here]]'''
'''For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click [[Hypercalcemia|here]]'''


{{CMG}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}; [[User:Daniel Nethala|Daniel Nethala, B.S]]


==Overview==
==Overview==
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==What causes Hypercalcemia?==
==What causes Hypercalcemia?==
Calcium is important to many body functions, including:
Primary [[hyperparathyroidism]] is the most common cause of hypercalcemia. It is due to excess [[PTH]] release by the parathyroid glands. This excess occurs due to an enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands, or a growth (usually not cancer) on one of the glands.
* Bone formation
* Hormone release
* Muscle contraction
* Nerve and brain function
 
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D help manage calcium balance in the body. PTH is made by the parathyroid glands -- four small glands located in the neck behind the thyroid gland. Vitamin D is obtained when the skin is exposed to sunlight, and from dietary sources such as:
*Egg yolks
*Fish
*Fortified cereals
*Fortified dairy products
 
Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia. It is due to excess PTH release by the parathyroid glands. This excess occurs due to an enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands, or a growth (usually not cancer) on one of the glands.


Other medical conditions can also cause hypercalcemia:
Other medical conditions can also cause hypercalcemia:
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* Vitamin D excess (hypervitaminosis D) from diet or inflammatory diseases
* Vitamin D excess (hypervitaminosis D) from diet or inflammatory diseases


==Who is at highest risk?==
Women over age 50 are most likely to have hypercalcemia, usually due to primary hyperparathyroidism.
==When to seek urgent medical care?==
Hypercalcemia affects less than 1 percent of the population. The ability to measure blood calcium since the 1960s has improved detection. Today, the condition is diagnosed at an early stage so most patients with hypercalcemia have no symptoms.
Hypercalcemia affects less than 1 percent of the population. The ability to measure blood calcium since the 1960s has improved detection. Today, the condition is diagnosed at an early stage so most patients with hypercalcemia have no symptoms.


Women over age 50 are most likely to have hypercalcemia, usually due to primary hyperparathyroidism.
Contact your physician or health care provider if you have:


==Who is at highest risk?==
*Family history of hypercalcemia
 
*Family history of hyperparathyroidism
==When to seek urgent medical care?==
*Symptoms of hypercalcemia


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
The cause of [[hypercalcemia]] must be identified, if possible, for this the physician may decide to obtain the following biomarkers:
* Serum [[calcium]]
* Serum [[PTH]]
* Serum PTHrP (PTH-related protein)
* Serum [[vitamin D]] level
* Urine [[calcium]]


==Treatment options==
==Treatment options==
Treatment is aimed at the cause of hypercalcemia whenever possible. In people with primary [[hyperparathyroidism]] (PHPT), surgery may be needed to remove the abnormal parathyroid gland and cure the hypercalcemia.


==Diseases with similar symptoms==
However, if the hypercalcemia is mild, your health care provider will offer you the option of monitoring your condition closely over time.


==Where to find medical care for (condition)?==
Severe [[hypercalcemia]] that causes symptoms and requires a hospital stay is treated with the following:
[http://maps.google.com/maps?q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|map+top+hospital+Condition}}}}&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wl Directions to Hospitals Treating Condition]
*[[Calcitonin]]
*[[Dialysis]]
*[[Diuretic]] medication, such as [[furosemide]]
*Drugs that stop bone breakdown and absorption by the body, such as [[pamidronate]] or [[etidronate]] (bisphosphonates)
*Fluids through a vein (intravenous fluids)
*[[Glucocorticoids]] (steroids)
 
====Medications to avoid====
 
{{MedCondContrPI
 
|MedCond = hypercalcemia|Oxandrolone|Spironolactone}}
 
==Where to find medical care for Hypercalcemia?==
[http://maps.google.com/maps?q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|map+top+hospital+Hypercalcemia}}}}&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wl Directions to Hospitals Treating Hypercalcemia]


==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?==
==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?==
How well you do depends on the cause of hypercalcemia. Patients with mild hyperparathyroidism or hypercalcemia with a treatable cause do well and usually do not have complications.
Patients with hypercalcemia due to conditions such as cancer or granulomatous disease may not do well, but this is usually due to the disease itself, rather than the hypercalcemia.


==Possible complications==
==Possible complications==
'''Gastrointestinal:'''
* [[Pancreatitis]]
* [[Peptic ulcer disease]]
'''Kidney:'''
*Calcium deposits in the kidney ([[nephrocalcinosis]])
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[hypertension|High blood pressure]]
*[[Kidney failure]]
*[[Kidney stones]]
'''Psychological:'''
*[[Depression]]
*Difficulty concentrating or thinking
'''Skeletal:'''
*Bone [[cysts]]
*[[Fractures]]
*[[Osteoporosis]]
These complications of long-term hypercalcemia are uncommon today.


==Prevention==
==Prevention==
Most causes of [[hypercalcemia]] cannot be prevented. Women over age 50 should see their health care provider regularly and have their blood calcium level checked if they have symptoms of hypercalcemia.
You can avoid hypercalcemia from calcium and vitamin D supplements by contacting your health care provider for advice about the dose if you are taking supplements without a prescription.


==Sources==
==Sources==
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000365.htm





Latest revision as of 18:55, 7 January 2015

Hypercalcemia

Overview

What are the symptoms?

What are the causes?

Who is at highest risk?

When to seek urgent medical care?

Diagnosis

Treatment options

Where to find medical care for Hypercalcemia?

What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Possible complications

Prevention

Hypercalcemia On the Web

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

Images of Hypercalcemia

Videos on Hypercalcemia

FDA on Hypercalcemia

CDC on Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia in the news

Blogs on Hypercalcemia

Directions to Hospitals Treating Hypercalcemia

Risk calculators and risk factors for Pericarditis

For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: ; Daniel Nethala, B.S

Overview

Hypercalcemia is a disorder in which there is too much calcium in the blood.

What are the symptoms of Hypercalcemia?

Abdominal symptoms:

Kidney symptoms:

Muscle symptoms:

Psychological symptoms:

Skeletal symptoms:

What causes Hypercalcemia?

Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia. It is due to excess PTH release by the parathyroid glands. This excess occurs due to an enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands, or a growth (usually not cancer) on one of the glands.

Other medical conditions can also cause hypercalcemia:

  • Adrenal gland failure
  • An inherited condition that affects the body's ability to regulate calcium (familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia)
  • Being bedbound (or not being able to move) for a long period of time
  • Calcium excess in the diet (called milk-alkali syndrome, usually due to at least 2,000 milligrams of calcium per day)
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Kidney failure
  • Medications such as lithium and thiazide diuretics (water pills)
  • Some cancerous tumors (for example, lung cancers, breast cancer)
  • Vitamin D excess (hypervitaminosis D) from diet or inflammatory diseases

Who is at highest risk?

Women over age 50 are most likely to have hypercalcemia, usually due to primary hyperparathyroidism.

When to seek urgent medical care?

Hypercalcemia affects less than 1 percent of the population. The ability to measure blood calcium since the 1960s has improved detection. Today, the condition is diagnosed at an early stage so most patients with hypercalcemia have no symptoms.

Contact your physician or health care provider if you have:

  • Family history of hypercalcemia
  • Family history of hyperparathyroidism
  • Symptoms of hypercalcemia

Diagnosis

The cause of hypercalcemia must be identified, if possible, for this the physician may decide to obtain the following biomarkers:

Treatment options

Treatment is aimed at the cause of hypercalcemia whenever possible. In people with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), surgery may be needed to remove the abnormal parathyroid gland and cure the hypercalcemia.

However, if the hypercalcemia is mild, your health care provider will offer you the option of monitoring your condition closely over time.

Severe hypercalcemia that causes symptoms and requires a hospital stay is treated with the following:

Medications to avoid

Patients diagnosed with hypercalcemia should avoid using the following medications:

  • Oxandrolone
  • Spironolactone
    If you have been diagnosed with hypercalcemia, consult your physician before starting or stopping any of these medications.


Where to find medical care for Hypercalcemia?

Directions to Hospitals Treating Hypercalcemia

What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?

How well you do depends on the cause of hypercalcemia. Patients with mild hyperparathyroidism or hypercalcemia with a treatable cause do well and usually do not have complications.

Patients with hypercalcemia due to conditions such as cancer or granulomatous disease may not do well, but this is usually due to the disease itself, rather than the hypercalcemia.

Possible complications

Gastrointestinal:

Kidney:

Psychological:

Skeletal:


These complications of long-term hypercalcemia are uncommon today.

Prevention

Most causes of hypercalcemia cannot be prevented. Women over age 50 should see their health care provider regularly and have their blood calcium level checked if they have symptoms of hypercalcemia.

You can avoid hypercalcemia from calcium and vitamin D supplements by contacting your health care provider for advice about the dose if you are taking supplements without a prescription.

Sources

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000365.htm

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