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'''Hypothalamic hamartomas'''
'''Hypothalamic hamartomas'''


The differential diagnosis is broadly that of suprasellar and hypothalamic lesions, although the imaging characteristics of hypothalamic hamartomas significantly reduces the differential. Hypothalamic-chiasmatic glioma is the main differential. Most other lesions encountered in the region either have markedly different signal intensity or demonstrate enhancement on MRI.<ref name=“radio"> Hypothalamic hamartoma. Dr Donna D'Souza et al.http://radiopaedia.org/articles/hypothalamic-hamartoma Radiopedia Accessed on December 08, 2015 </ref>
*The differential diagnosis is broadly that of suprasellar and hypothalamic lesions, although the imaging characteristics of hypothalamic hamartomas significantly reduces the differential.  
 
*Hypothalamic-chiasmatic glioma is the main differential.  
The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate [[hypothalamic hamartoma]] from other conditions that are also suprasellar and hypothalamic lesions. <ref name="pmid16611766">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amstutz DR, Coons SW, Kerrigan JF, Rekate HL, Heiserman JE |title=Hypothalamic hamartomas: Correlation of MR imaging and spectroscopic findings with tumor glial content |journal=AJNR Am J Neuroradiol |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=794–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16611766 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Most other lesions encountered in the region either have markedly different signal intensity or demonstrate enhancement on MRI.<ref name=“radio"> Hypothalamic hamartoma. Dr Donna D'Souza et al.http://radiopaedia.org/articles/hypothalamic-hamartoma Radiopedia Accessed on December 08, 2015 </ref>
*The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate [[hypothalamic hamartoma]] from other conditions that are also suprasellar and hypothalamic lesions. <ref name="pmid16611766">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amstutz DR, Coons SW, Kerrigan JF, Rekate HL, Heiserman JE |title=Hypothalamic hamartomas: Correlation of MR imaging and spectroscopic findings with tumor glial content |journal=AJNR Am J Neuroradiol |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=794–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16611766 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''Hypothalamic-chiasmatic [[glioma]]'''  
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''Hypothalamic-chiasmatic [[glioma]]'''  
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hypothalamic-optochiasmatic gliomas are a subset of astrocytic tumours which have tendency to occur in patients with [[neurofibromatosis type 1]]. These may involve the optic nerves, the optic chiasm, and the [[optic tracts]]. Between 20 and 50% of patients with hypothalamic [[gliomas]] have a positive family history of  von Recklinghausen disease ([[NF-1]]).
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Hypothalamic-optochiasmatic gliomas are a subset of astrocytic tumours which have tendency to occur in patients with [[neurofibromatosis type 1]]
*These may involve the optic nerves, the optic chiasm, and the [[optic tracts]]
* Between 20 and 50% of patients with hypothalamic [[gliomas]] have a positive family history of  von Recklinghausen disease ([[NF-1]])  
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Craniopharyngioma]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Craniopharyngioma]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Craniopharyngioma is a type of brain tumor derived from pituitary gland embryonic tissue, that occurs most commonly in children but also in men and women between 50 and 60 years of age. People may present with bitemporal inferior [[quadrantanopia]] leading to bitemporal [[hemianopia]], as the tumor may compress the optic chiasm.
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Craniopharyngioma is a type of brain tumor derived from pituitary gland embryonic tissue
*Occurs most commonly in children but also in men and women between 50 -60 years of age  
*Symptoms may present with bitemporal inferior [[quadrantanopia]] leading to bitemporal [[hemianopia]], as the tumor may compress the optic chiasm
|-
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Rathke's pouch|Rathke's cleft cyst]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Rathke's pouch|Rathke's cleft cyst]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Rathke's cleft cyst is a benign growth found on the pituitary gland in the brain, specifically a fluid-filled cyst in the posterior portion of the [[anterior pituitary gland]]. It occurs when the Rathke's pouch does not develop properly and ranges in size from 2 to 40mm in diameter. Asymptomatic cysts are commonly detected during autopsies in 2 to 26 percent of individuals who have died of unrelated causes. Females are twice as likely as males to develop a cyst.
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Rathke's cleft cyst is a benign growth found on the pituitary gland in the brain, specifically a fluid-filled cyst in the posterior portion of the [[anterior pituitary gland]]
*Rathke's cleft cyst occurs when the Rathke's pouch does not develop properly and ranges in size from 2 to 40mm in diameter
*Asymptomatic cysts are commonly detected during autopsies in 2 - 26% of individuals who have died of unrelated causes
*Females are twice as likely as males to develop a cyst
|-
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Pituitary macroadenoma]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Pituitary macroadenoma]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Pituitary macroadenoma is a common pituitary gland tumor. Patients with pituitary adenoma may progress to develop lethargy, headache, nausea, and vomiting. Common complications of pituitary adenoma include bitemporal hemianopia, anosmia, acromegaly, and gigantism.
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Pituitary macroadenoma is a common pituitary gland tumor
*Patients with pituitary adenoma may progress to develop lethargy, headache, nausea, and vomiting
*Common complications of pituitary adenoma include bitemporal hemianopia, anosmia, acromegaly, and gigantism
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'''Pulmonary hamartomas'''
'''Pulmonary hamartomas'''


The differential is dependent on whether fat or calcification is identifiable within the lesion. If fat is visualised then the differential is narrow, with almost all cases representing pulmonary hamartoma. However, the presence of calcification also significantly narrows the differential, but to a lesser degree. If neither fat, nor calcification is present, then the differential is that of a solitary pulmonary nodule and is significantly broader.  
*The differential is dependent on whether fat or calcification is identifiable within the lesion. If fat is visualized then the differential is narrow, with almost all cases representing pulmonary hamartoma.  
*The presence of calcification also significantly narrows the differential, but to a lesser degree.  
*If neither fat, nor calcification is present, then the differential is that of a solitary pulmonary nodule and is significantly broader.
*The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate [[pulmonary hamartoma]] from other conditions that cause  a fat containing solitary pulmonary nodule.


The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate [[pulmonary hamartoma]] from other conditions that cause  a fat containing solitary pulmonary nodule.
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Lipoma]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Lipoma]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Lipoma is  a fat exclusive, well circumcised mass. They are likely to have been present for many years, and may change size with weight fluctuation. They can also be an incidental finding. In 5-15% of patients lipomas are multiple, and approximately a third of these will be familial.<ref name=“radio"> Lipoma. Dr Ahmed Abd Rabou and A.Prof Frank Gaillard et al.http://radiopaedia.org/articles/lipoma Accessed on December 08, 2015</ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Lipoma is  a fat exclusive, well circumcised mass
*Lipomas are likely to have been present for many years, and may change size with weight fluctuation  
*These can also be an incidental finding
*In 5-15% of patients lipomas are multiple, and approximately a third of these will be familial<ref name=“radio"> Lipoma. Dr Ahmed Abd Rabou and A.Prof Frank Gaillard et al.http://radiopaedia.org/articles/lipoma Accessed on December 08, 2015</ref>
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Myelolipoma]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Myelolipoma]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Myelolipoma is a very rare, benign pulmonary lesion, usually presenting as an asymptomatic pulmonary nodule. Is mainly composed of mature adipose tissue and normal hematopoietic cells.<ref name="pmid25789022">{{cite journal |vauthors=Xu Q, Yin X, Huang W, Sun J, Wu X, Lu L |title=Intrapulmonary myelolipoma and its computed tomography features: A case report and literature review |journal=Oncol Lett |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=1677–1680 |year=2015 |pmid=25789022 |pmc=4356384 |doi=10.3892/ol.2015.2913 |url=}}</ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Myelolipoma is a very rare, benign pulmonary lesion, usually presenting as an asymptomatic pulmonary nodule
*Myelolipoma is mainly composed of mature adipose tissue and normal hematopoietic cells.<ref name="pmid25789022">{{cite journal |vauthors=Xu Q, Yin X, Huang W, Sun J, Wu X, Lu L |title=Intrapulmonary myelolipoma and its computed tomography features: A case report and literature review |journal=Oncol Lett |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=1677–1680 |year=2015 |pmid=25789022 |pmc=4356384 |doi=10.3892/ol.2015.2913 |url=}}</ref>
|-
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Metastatic disease]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Metastatic disease]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Pulmonary metastases are common and usually asymptomatic, with constitutional symptoms relating to disseminated metastatic disease and those attributable to the primary tumour dominating. Haemoptysis and pneumothorax are sometimes the presenting symptom. They tend to be single or multiple.<ref name=“radio"> Pulmonary metastases. Dr Ahmed Abd Rabou and A.Prof Frank Gaillard et al.http://radiopaedia.org/articles/pulmonary-metastases Accessed on December 08, 2015</ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Pulmonary metastases are common and usually asymptomatic, with constitutional symptoms relating to disseminated metastatic disease and those attributable to the primary tumour dominating  
*Common symptoms include hemoptysis and pneumothorax
*Pulmonary metastases tend to be single or multiple<ref name=“radio"> Pulmonary metastases. Dr Ahmed Abd Rabou and A.Prof Frank Gaillard et al.http://radiopaedia.org/articles/pulmonary-metastases Accessed on December 08, 2015</ref>
|-
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Pulmonary Chondroma'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Pulmonary Chondroma'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Pulmonary chondromas are usually associated with Carney’s triad. On CT scan, chondromas appear as smoothly marginated, round, or slightly lobulated, small areas of fat. Common in adolescents or young adults.<ref>Carneys triad.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carney's_triad  Accessed on December 08, 2015 </ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Pulmonary chondromas are usually associated with Carney’s triad
*On CT scan, chondromas appear as smoothly marginated, round, or slightly lobulated, small areas of fat
*Pulmonary chondromas are common in adolescents or young adults<ref>Carneys triad.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carney's_triad  Accessed on December 08, 2015 </ref>
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'''Heart'''
'''Heart'''
 
*The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate [[cardiac hamartoma]] from other conditions that cause a fat containing lesion within the striated muscle of the heart.
The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate [[cardiac hamartoma]] from other conditions that cause a fat containing lesion within the striated muscle of the heart.


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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Hibernoma'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Hibernoma'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | A hibernoma is a benign neoplasm of vestigial brown fat. Patients present with a slow-growing, painless, solitary mass, usually of the [[subcutaneous tissue]]s. It is much less frequently noted in the intramuscular tissue. It is not uncommon for symptoms to be present for years. In general, imaging studies show a well-defined, heterogeneous mass, usually showing a mass which is [[hypointense]] to [[subcutaneous fat]] on magnetic resonance T1-weight images. Serpentine, thin, low signal bands (septations or vessels) are often seen throughout the tumor.
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Hibernoma is a benign neoplasm of vestigial brown fat
*The majority of patients present with a slow-growing, painless, solitary mass, usually of the [[subcutaneous tissue]]s
*It is much less frequently noted in the intramuscular tissue. It is not uncommon for symptoms to be present for years
*In general, imaging studies show a well-defined, heterogeneous mass, usually showing a mass which is [[hypointense]] to [[subcutaneous fat]] on magnetic resonance [[T1]]-weight images. Serpentine, thin, low signal bands (septations or vessels) are often seen throughout the tumor
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Metastasis]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Metastasis]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Secondary malignant tumor of the heart, arising by lymphatic or hematogenous spread of a primary neoplasm. Presents with [[dyspnea]],[[congestive heart failure]], [[hypotension]] and malignant [[pericardial effusion]]. Any primary malignancy may metastasize to the heart, however, lung cancer is among the most common.<ref>Secondary cardiac neoplasm. Radiopedia.http://radiopaedia.org/articles/secondary-cardiac-neoplasms Accessed on November 24, 2015 </ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Metastases are uncommon tumors of the heart, arising by lymphatic or hematogenous spread of a primary neoplasm
*Presents with [[dyspnea]],[[congestive heart failure]], [[hypotension]] and malignant [[pericardial effusion]]
*Any primary malignancy may metastasize to the heart, however, lung cancer is among the most common.<ref>Secondary cardiac neoplasm. Radiopedia.http://radiopaedia.org/articles/secondary-cardiac-neoplasms Accessed on November 24, 2015 </ref>
|-
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'''Spleen, kidneys and vascular organs'''
'''Spleen, kidneys and vascular organs'''


The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate [[spleen]], [[kidneys]] and vascular organs from other conditions that cause a incidental findings that resemble hamartoma.  
*The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate [[spleen]], [[kidneys]] and vascular organs from other conditions that cause a incidental findings that resemble hamartoma.  


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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''Splenic [[hemangioma]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''Splenic [[hemangioma]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Splenic hemangiomas, are considered the second most common focal lesion on the spleen. Prevalence rate is thought to range around 0.1-14% 7-8.  Most [[hemangioma]]s tend to be discovered in adults from mid-30s to mid-50s years of age. They may be associated with splenomegaly, [[abdominal pain]], dyspnea,and [[diarrhea]].<ref name="“radio”">Splenic hemangioma. Dr Jan Frank Gerstenmaier and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody et al http://radiopaedia.org/articles/splenic-haemangioma Accessed on December 08, 2015 </ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Splenic hemangiomas, are considered the second most common focal lesion on the spleen  
*Most [[hemangioma]]s tend to be discovered in adults from mid-30s to mid-50s years of age  
*They may be associated with splenomegaly, [[abdominal pain]], dyspnea,and [[diarrhea]].<ref name="“radio”">Splenic hemangioma. Dr Jan Frank Gerstenmaier and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody et al http://radiopaedia.org/articles/splenic-haemangioma Accessed on December 08, 2015 </ref>
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Retroperitoneal liposarcoma]]'''   
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Retroperitoneal liposarcoma]]'''   
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |It is one of the most common primary retroperitoneal neoplasms. Retroperitoneal liposarcoma is a subtype of liposarcoma, a malignant tumour of mesenchymal origin that may arise in any fat-containing region of the body.
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Retroperitoneal liposarcoma is the most common primary retroperitoneal neoplasm
*Retroperitoneal liposarcoma is a subtype of liposarcoma, a malignant tumour of mesenchymal origin that may arise in any fat-containing region of the body
|-
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Adrenal myelolipoma]]'''  
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Adrenal myelolipoma]]'''  
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Adrenolipomas are rare benign neoplasms that histologically consist of fat and bone marrow in varying proportions. In general, they are small, unilateral, and hormonally inactive. They are rich in adipose tissue and hematopoietic elements. Most lesions are small and asymptomatic. Adrenolipomas are usually detected incidentally in autopsy or by imaging studies performed for other reasons. Most tumors are unilateral, they show no predilection to one peculiar side. Symptoms of [[adrenolipoma]] include abdominal pain, haematuria, and abdominal fullness.
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Adrenolipomas are rare benign neoplasms that histologically consist of fat and bone marrow in varying proportions
*In general, most tumors are unilateral, they show no predilection to one peculiar side. Symptoms of [[adrenolipoma]] include abdominal pain, haematuria, and abdominal fullness
*They are rich in adipose tissue and hematopoietic elements
*Most lesions are small and asymptomatic
*Adrenolipomas are usually detected incidentally in autopsy or by imaging studies performed for other reasons
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Revision as of 22:19, 25 January 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [2]

Overview

Hamartomas must be differentiated from other diseases that result on fat containing lesions such as lipomas and metastases.

Differentiating Hamartoma from other Diseases

Hypothalamic hamartomas

  • The differential diagnosis is broadly that of suprasellar and hypothalamic lesions, although the imaging characteristics of hypothalamic hamartomas significantly reduces the differential.
  • Hypothalamic-chiasmatic glioma is the main differential.
  • Most other lesions encountered in the region either have markedly different signal intensity or demonstrate enhancement on MRI.[1]
  • The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate hypothalamic hamartoma from other conditions that are also suprasellar and hypothalamic lesions. [2]
Disease Findings
Hypothalamic-chiasmatic glioma
  • Hypothalamic-optochiasmatic gliomas are a subset of astrocytic tumours which have tendency to occur in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1
  • These may involve the optic nerves, the optic chiasm, and the optic tracts
  • Between 20 and 50% of patients with hypothalamic gliomas have a positive family history of von Recklinghausen disease (NF-1)
Craniopharyngioma
  • Craniopharyngioma is a type of brain tumor derived from pituitary gland embryonic tissue
  • Occurs most commonly in children but also in men and women between 50 -60 years of age
  • Symptoms may present with bitemporal inferior quadrantanopia leading to bitemporal hemianopia, as the tumor may compress the optic chiasm
Rathke's cleft cyst
  • Rathke's cleft cyst is a benign growth found on the pituitary gland in the brain, specifically a fluid-filled cyst in the posterior portion of the anterior pituitary gland
  • Rathke's cleft cyst occurs when the Rathke's pouch does not develop properly and ranges in size from 2 to 40mm in diameter
  • Asymptomatic cysts are commonly detected during autopsies in 2 - 26% of individuals who have died of unrelated causes
  • Females are twice as likely as males to develop a cyst
Pituitary macroadenoma
  • Pituitary macroadenoma is a common pituitary gland tumor
  • Patients with pituitary adenoma may progress to develop lethargy, headache, nausea, and vomiting
  • Common complications of pituitary adenoma include bitemporal hemianopia, anosmia, acromegaly, and gigantism

Pulmonary hamartomas

  • The differential is dependent on whether fat or calcification is identifiable within the lesion. If fat is visualized then the differential is narrow, with almost all cases representing pulmonary hamartoma.
  • The presence of calcification also significantly narrows the differential, but to a lesser degree.
  • If neither fat, nor calcification is present, then the differential is that of a solitary pulmonary nodule and is significantly broader.
  • The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate pulmonary hamartoma from other conditions that cause a fat containing solitary pulmonary nodule.
Disease Findings
Lipoma
  • Lipoma is a fat exclusive, well circumcised mass
  • Lipomas are likely to have been present for many years, and may change size with weight fluctuation
  • These can also be an incidental finding
  • In 5-15% of patients lipomas are multiple, and approximately a third of these will be familial[1]
Myelolipoma
  • Myelolipoma is a very rare, benign pulmonary lesion, usually presenting as an asymptomatic pulmonary nodule
  • Myelolipoma is mainly composed of mature adipose tissue and normal hematopoietic cells.[3]
Metastatic disease
  • Pulmonary metastases are common and usually asymptomatic, with constitutional symptoms relating to disseminated metastatic disease and those attributable to the primary tumour dominating
  • Common symptoms include hemoptysis and pneumothorax
  • Pulmonary metastases tend to be single or multiple[1]
Pulmonary Chondroma
  • Pulmonary chondromas are usually associated with Carney’s triad
  • On CT scan, chondromas appear as smoothly marginated, round, or slightly lobulated, small areas of fat
  • Pulmonary chondromas are common in adolescents or young adults[4]

Heart

  • The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate cardiac hamartoma from other conditions that cause a fat containing lesion within the striated muscle of the heart.
Disease Findings
Hibernoma
  • Hibernoma is a benign neoplasm of vestigial brown fat
  • The majority of patients present with a slow-growing, painless, solitary mass, usually of the subcutaneous tissues
  • It is much less frequently noted in the intramuscular tissue. It is not uncommon for symptoms to be present for years
  • In general, imaging studies show a well-defined, heterogeneous mass, usually showing a mass which is hypointense to subcutaneous fat on magnetic resonance T1-weight images. Serpentine, thin, low signal bands (septations or vessels) are often seen throughout the tumor
Metastasis

Spleen, kidneys and vascular organs

  • The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate spleen, kidneys and vascular organs from other conditions that cause a incidental findings that resemble hamartoma.
Disease Findings
Splenic hemangioma
  • Splenic hemangiomas, are considered the second most common focal lesion on the spleen
  • Most hemangiomas tend to be discovered in adults from mid-30s to mid-50s years of age
  • They may be associated with splenomegaly, abdominal pain, dyspnea,and diarrhea.[6]
Retroperitoneal liposarcoma
  • Retroperitoneal liposarcoma is the most common primary retroperitoneal neoplasm
  • Retroperitoneal liposarcoma is a subtype of liposarcoma, a malignant tumour of mesenchymal origin that may arise in any fat-containing region of the body
Adrenal myelolipoma
  • Adrenolipomas are rare benign neoplasms that histologically consist of fat and bone marrow in varying proportions
  • In general, most tumors are unilateral, they show no predilection to one peculiar side. Symptoms of adrenolipoma include abdominal pain, haematuria, and abdominal fullness
  • They are rich in adipose tissue and hematopoietic elements
  • Most lesions are small and asymptomatic
  • Adrenolipomas are usually detected incidentally in autopsy or by imaging studies performed for other reasons

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hypothalamic hamartoma. Dr Donna D'Souza et al.http://radiopaedia.org/articles/hypothalamic-hamartoma Radiopedia Accessed on December 08, 2015
  2. ↑ Amstutz DR, Coons SW, Kerrigan JF, Rekate HL, Heiserman JE (2006). "Hypothalamic hamartomas: Correlation of MR imaging and spectroscopic findings with tumor glial content". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 27 (4): 794–8. PMID 16611766.
  3. ↑ Xu Q, Yin X, Huang W, Sun J, Wu X, Lu L (2015). "Intrapulmonary myelolipoma and its computed tomography features: A case report and literature review". Oncol Lett. 9 (4): 1677–1680. doi:10.3892/ol.2015.2913. PMC 4356384. PMID 25789022.
  4. ↑ Carneys triad.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carney's_triad Accessed on December 08, 2015
  5. ↑ Secondary cardiac neoplasm. Radiopedia.http://radiopaedia.org/articles/secondary-cardiac-neoplasms Accessed on November 24, 2015
  6. ↑ Splenic hemangioma. Dr Jan Frank Gerstenmaier and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody et al http://radiopaedia.org/articles/splenic-haemangioma Accessed on December 08, 2015


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