HIV induced pericarditis pathophysiology
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ramyar Ghandriz MD[2]
Overview
Pericardial effusion is common among asymptomatic HIV positive patients, it may cause large tamponade. Heart involvement is one of the most co-morbidity of HIV patients because. Since the improvement of anti retro viral therapies, other causes of AIDS mortality have decreased, and pericarditis began to be the leading cause.
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis
- Pericardial effusion is common among asymptomatic HIV positive patients.
- Large effusions causing tamponade is rare.[1]
- HAART therapy regimen of HIV positive patients has decreased the incidence of pericarditis and pericardial effusion considerably.
- HIV related pericarditis is usually caused by tuberculosis.[2]
- associated myocarditis is present in approximately one -third of cases.
- It has high mortality.[3]
- pericardiocentesis is essential in order to a diagnosis of the main cause of pericardial effusion[4][5].
- However, majority of the cases of pericarditis are of unknown etiology. Other causes of pericarditis in AIDS include [6][7][8][9]:
- Staphylococcal infection
- Streptococcal infection
- Lymphoma
- Kaposi sarcoma
- Atypical mycobacteria
- Nocardia asteroides
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Rhodococcus equi
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Rarely Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus
Microscopic Pathology
- On microscopic histopathological analysis, acid fast bacilli is a characteristic findings of tuberculous pericarditis.
- Kaposi's sarcoma induced pericarditis is defined if the pathology exists in organs as described below:(pericarditis may be the first manifestation)
References
- ↑ Remick, Joshua; Georgiopoulou, Vasiliki; Marti, Catherine; Ofotokun, Igho; Kalogeropoulos, Andreas; Lewis, William; Butler, Javed (2014). "Heart Failure in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection". Circulation. 129 (17): 1781–1789. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004574. ISSN 0009-7322.
- ↑ Moreno, Raùl; Villacastín, Julián P; Bueno, Héctor; López de Sá, Esteban; López-Sendón, José L; Bobadilla, Jaime F; García-Fernández, Miguel A; Delcán, Juan L. (1997). "Clinical and Echocardiographic Findings in HIV Patients with Pericardial Effusion". Cardiology. 88 (5): 397–400. doi:10.1159/000177367. ISSN 1421-9751.
- ↑ Sudano, Isabella; Spieker, Lukas E.; Noll, Georg; Corti, Roberto; Weber, Rainer; Lüscher, Thomas F. (2006). "Cardiovascular disease in HIV infection". American Heart Journal. 151 (6): 1147–1155. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.07.030. ISSN 0002-8703.
- ↑ Maher D, Harries AD (1997). "Tuberculous pericardial effusion: a prospective clinical study in a low-resource setting--Blantyre, Malawi". The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease : the Official Journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 1 (4): 358–64. PMID 9432393. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Dronda F, Suzacq C (1997). "[Pericardial tuberculosis complicated with heart tamponade as presentation form of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]". Revista Clínica Española (in Spanish; Castilian). 197 (7): 502–6. PMID 9411548. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Chen Y, Brennessel D, Walters J, Johnson M, Rosner F, Raza M (1999). "Human immunodeficiency virus-associated pericardial effusion: report of 40 cases and review of the literature". American Heart Journal. 137 (3): 516–21. PMID 10047635. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Flum DR, McGinn JT, Tyras DH (1995). "The role of the 'pericardial window' in AIDS". Chest. 107 (6): 1522–5. PMID 7781340. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Gouny P, Lancelin C, Girard PM, Hocquet-Cheynel C, Rozenbaum W, Nussaume O (1998). "Pericardial effusion and AIDS: benefits of surgical drainage". European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery. 13 (2): 165–9. PMID 9583822. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Eisenberg MJ, Gordon AS, Schiller NB (1992). "HIV-associated pericardial effusions". Chest. 102 (3): 956–8. PMID 1516433. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Szaluś-Jordanow, Olga; Augustynowicz-Kopeć, Ewa; Czopowicz, Michał; Olkowski, Arkadiusz; Łobaczewski, Andrzej; Rzewuska, Magdalena; Sapierzyński, Rafał; Wiatr, Elżbieta; Garncarz, Magdalena; Frymus, Tadeusz (2016). "Intracardiac tuberculomas caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a dog". BMC Veterinary Research. 12 (1). doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0731-7. ISSN 1746-6148.
- ↑ Woudstra, Odilia I.; Boink, Gerard J. J.; Winkelman, Jacobus A.; van Stralen, Ron (2016). "A Rare Case of Primary Meningococcal Myopericarditis in a 71-Year-Old Male". Case Reports in Cardiology. 2016: 1–3. doi:10.1155/2016/1297869. ISSN 2090-6404.
- ↑ Yoon, Shin-Ae; Hahn, Youn-Soo; Hong, Jong Myeon; Lee, Ok-Jun; Han, Heon-Seok (2012). "Tuberculous Pericarditis Presenting as Multiple Free Floating Masses in Pericardial Effusion". Journal of Korean Medical Science. 27 (3): 325. doi:10.3346/jkms.2012.27.3.325. ISSN 1011-8934.
- ↑ Aydin, Seniz Ongoren; Eskazan, Ahmet Emre; Aki, Hilal; Ozguroglu, Mustafa; Baslar, Zafer; Soysal, Teoman (2011). "Synchronous Detection of Hairy Cell Leukemia and HIV-Negative Kaposi's Sarcoma of the Lymph Node: A Diagnostic Challenge and a Rare Coincidence". Case Reports in Oncology. 4 (3): 439–444. doi:10.1159/000331894. ISSN 1662-6575.