https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Group_3_element&feed=atom&action=historyGroup 3 element - Revision history2024-03-28T18:12:16ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.40.0https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Group_3_element&diff=675686&oldid=prevWikiBot: Robot: Automated text replacement (-{{SIB}} + & -{{EH}} + & -{{EJ}} + & -{{Editor Help}} + & -{{Editor Join}} +)2012-08-09T15:41:12Z<p>Robot: Automated text replacement (-{{SIB}} + & -{{EH}} + & -{{EJ}} + & -{{Editor Help}} + & -{{Editor Join}} +)</p>
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{| style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:2em; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! [[Periodic table period|Period]] || [[Periodic table group|Group]] [[Group 3 element|'''3''']]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Period 4 element|'''4''']] ||<br />
{|<br />
| {{element cell|21|Scandium|Sc| |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br />
|}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Period 5 element|'''5''']] ||<br />
{|<br />
| {{element cell|39|Yttrium|Y| |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br />
|}<br />
|-<br />
||| '''[[Group number of lanthanides and actinides|Group 3/ungrouped]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|||<br />
{|<br />
| {{element cell |*|Lanthanides| | |Solid|Lanthanides|Undiscovered}}<br />
|}<br />
|-<br />
|||<br />
{|<br />
| {{element cell |**|Actinides | | |Solid|Actinides|Undiscovered}}<br />
|}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Period 6 element|'''6''']] || '''*[[Lanthanide]]s'''<br />
{|<br />
| {{element cell|57|Lanthanum|La| |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br />
| {{element cell|58|Cerium|Ce| |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br />
| {{element cell|59|Praseodymium|Pr| |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br />
| {{element cell|60|Neodymium|Nd| |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{element cell|61|Promethium|Pm| |Solid|Lanthanides|Natural radio}}<br />
| {{element cell|62|Samarium|Sm| |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br />
| {{element cell|63|Europium|Eu| |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br />
| {{element cell|64|Gadolinium|Gd| |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{element cell|65|Terbium|Tb| |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br />
| {{element cell|66|Dysprosium|Dy| |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br />
| {{element cell|67|Holmium|Ho| |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br />
| {{element cell|68|Erbium|Er| |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{element cell|69|Thulium|Tm| |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br />
| {{element cell|70|Ytterbium|Yb| |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br />
| {{element cell|71|Lutetium|Lu| |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br />
|}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Period 7 element|'''7''']] || '''**[[Actinide]]s'''<br />
{|<br />
| {{element cell|89|Actinium|Ac| |Solid|Actinides|Natural radio}}<br />
| {{element cell|90|Thorium|Th| |Solid|Actinides|Primordial}}<br />
| {{element cell|91|Protactinium|Pa| |Solid|Actinides|Natural radio}}<br />
| {{element cell|92|Uranium|U| |Solid|Actinides|Primordial}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{element cell|93|Neptunium|Np| |Solid|Actinides|Natural radio}}<br />
| {{element cell|94|Plutonium|Pu| |Solid|Actinides|Primordial}}<br />
| {{element cell|95|Americium|Am| |Solid|Actinides|Synthetic}}<br />
| {{element cell|96|Curium|Cm| |Solid|Actinides|Synthetic}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{element cell|97|Berkelium|Bk| |Solid|Actinides|Synthetic}}<br />
| {{element cell|98|Californium|Cf| |Solid|Actinides|Synthetic}}<br />
| {{element cell|99|Einsteinium|Es| |Solid|Actinides|Synthetic}}<br />
| {{element cell|100|Fermium|Fm| |Solid|Actinides|Synthetic}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{element cell|101|Mendelevium|Md| |Solid|Actinides|Synthetic}}<br />
| {{element cell|102|Nobelium|No| |Solid|Actinides|Synthetic}}<br />
| {{element cell|103|Lawrencium|Lr| |Solid|Actinides|Synthetic}}<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The '''Group 3 elements''' are [[chemical element]]s comprising the third vertical [[Periodic table group|column]] of the [[periodic table]]. <br />
<br />
[[IUPAC]] has not recommended a specific format for the periodic table, so different conventions are permitted and are often used for group 3. The following [[d-block]] [[transition metal]]s are ''always'' considered members of group 3:<br />
<br />
* [[scandium]] ('''Sc''')<br />
* [[yttrium]] ('''Y''')<br />
<br />
When defining the remainder of group 3, four different conventions may be encountered. (''See [[group number of lanthanides and actinides]]''):<br />
<br />
* Some tables [http://periodic.lanl.gov/] include [[lanthanum]] ('''La''') and [[actinium]] ('''Ac'''), (the beginnings of the [[lanthanide]] and [[actinide]] series of elements, respectively) as the remaining members of group 3. In their most commonly encountered tripositive ion forms, these elements do not possess any partially filled [[f-block|f orbitals]], thus resulting in more [[d-block]]-like behavior.<br />
<br />
* Some tables [http://www.webelements.com] include [[lutetium]] ('''Lu''') and [[lawrencium]] ('''Lr''') as the remaining members of group 3. These elements terminate the [[lanthanide]] and [[actinide]] series, respectively. Since the f-shell is nominally full in the ground state electron configuration for both of these metals, they behave most like d-block metals out of all the lanthanides and actinides, and thus exhibit the most similarities in properties with Sc and Y. For Lr, this behavior is expected, but it has not been observed because sufficient quantities are not available. (''Also see [[Periodic table (wide)]] and [[Periodic table (extended)]].'')<br />
<br />
Some tables [http://www.iupac.org/reports/periodic_table/index.html] refer to ''all'' lanthanides and actinides by a marker in group 3. A third and fourth alternative are suggested by this arrangement: <br />
<br />
* The third alternative is to regard all 30 [[lanthanide]] and [[actinide]] elements as included in Group 3. Lanthanides, as [[electropositive]] [[trivalent]] metals, all have a closely related chemistry, and all show many similarities to Sc and Y.<br />
<br />
* The fourth alternative is to include none of the lanthanides and actinides in group 3. The lanthanides possess additional properties characteristic of their partially-filled f orbitals which are not common to Sc and Y. Furthermore, the actinides show a much wider variety of chemistry (for instance, in range of [[oxidation state]]s) within their series than the lanthanides, and comparisons to Sc and Y are even less useful.<br />
<br />
==Occurrence==<br />
Scandium, yttrium, and the [[lanthanide]]s (except promethium) tend to occur together in the Earth's crust, and are relatively abundant compared with most [[d-block]] metals, but often harder to extract from their ores.<br />
<br />
==Biological chemistry==<br />
<br />
Group 3 elements are generally hard metals with low aqueous solubility, and have low availability to the biosphere. No group 3 has any documented biological role in living organisms. The radioactivity of the actinides generally makes them highly toxic to living cells.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align: center;" border="1" cellpadding="2" <br />
| style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Explanation of above periodic table slice:<br />
| bgcolor="{{element color/Transition metals}}" | [[Transition metal]]s<br />
| bgcolor="{{element color/Lanthanides}}" | [[Lanthanide|Lanthanide series]]<br />
| bgcolor="{{element color/Actinides}}" | [[Actinide|Actinide series]] <br />
| Atomic numbers in <font color="{{element color/Solid}}">{{element color/Solid}}</font> indicate solids<br />
| style="border:{{element frame/Primordial}};" | Solid borders indicate [[primordial element]]s (older than the [[Earth]])<br />
| style="border:{{element frame/Natural radio}};" | Dashed borders indicate natural [[radioactive decay|radioactive element]]s<br />
| style="border:{{element frame/Synthetic}};" | Dotted borders indicate [[synthetic element]]s<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*http://periodic.lanl.gov<br />
*http://www.webelements.com<br />
*http://www.iupac.org/reports/periodic_table/index.html<br />
<br />
{{PeriodicTablesFooter}}<br />
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[[Category:Periodic table]]<br />
[[Category:Chemical element groups|Group 03]]<br />
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[[ar:عناصر المجموعة الثالثة]]<br />
[[ast:Elementos del grupu 3]]<br />
[[ca:Grup 3 de la taula periòdica]]<br />
[[cs:3. skupina]]<br />
[[de:Scandiumgruppe]]<br />
[[es:Elementos del grupo 3]]<br />
[[eo:Elemento de grupo 3]]<br />
[[ko:3족 원소]]<br />
[[it:Elementi del gruppo 3]]<br />
[[lmo:Grupp 3 de la taula periòdica]]<br />
[[mk:Елементи од група 3]]<br />
[[nl:Scandiumgroep]]<br />
[[ja:第3族元素]]<br />
[[nn:Gruppe 3]]<br />
[[nds:Cheemsch Elementen vun de 3. Grupp]]<br />
[[sk:3. skupina]]<br />
[[th:ธาตุหมู่ 3]]<br />
[[vi:Nhóm nguyên tố 3]]<br />
[[tr:Grup 3 elementleri]]<br />
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