Glaucoma epidemiology and demographics

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Glaucoma Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Glaucoma from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic study of choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Glaucoma epidemiology and demographics On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Glaucoma epidemiology and demographics

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Glaucoma epidemiology and demographics

CDC on Glaucoma epidemiology and demographics

Glaucoma epidemiology and demographics in the news

Blogs on Glaucoma epidemiology and demographics

Directions to Hospitals Treating Glaucoma

Risk calculators and risk factors for Glaucoma epidemiology and demographics

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rohan Bir Singh, M.B.B.S.[2]

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

  • The global prevalence of glaucoma for population aged 40–80 years is 3.54%.
  • The estimated number of people with glaucoma worldwide was estimated to be 64.3 million, increasing to 76.0 million in 2020 and 111.8 million in 2040.[1]
  • Glaucoma affects one in two hundred people aged fifty and younger and one in ten over the age of eighty.
  • Worldwide, it is the second leading cause of blindness.[2]

Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

The prevalence of POAG is highest in Africa - 4.20%.[1] The overall prevalence of OAG in the US population 40 years and older is estimated to be 1.86%, with 1.57 million white and 398,000 black persons affected. After applying race, age, and gender-specific rates to the US population as determined as per the 2010 US census, it was estimated that OAG affects 5.47 million US citizens. Due to the rapidly increasing size of the geriatric population, the number with OAG will increase by 50% to 3.36 million by 2020. [3]

Age

  • The Rotterdam and Barbados study, recorded a significant increase in the prevalence of glaucoma in older individuals, with persons in their 70s being generally 3 to 8 times higher than those for persons in their 40s. Various multiple population-based surveys have demonstrated higher prevalence of glaucoma in specific ethnic groups.[4][5]

Gender

  • As per the Bayesian meta-regression model, men were more likely to have POAG than women, people of African ancestry were more likely to have POAG than people of European ancestry, and people living in urban areas were more likely to have POAG than those in rural areas.[1]

Race

  • Among whites aged 40 years and older, a prevalence of between 1.1% and 2.1% has been reported based on population-based studies performed throughout the world.
  • The prevalence among black persons and Latino persons is up to 4 times higher compared to the prevalence among whites. Black individuals are also at greater risk of blindness from POAG, and this risk increases with age: in persons aged 46-65 years, the likelihood of blindness from POAG is 15 times higher among blacks than that among whites.

Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma

The prevalence of PACG is highest in Asia - 1.09%[3]

Age

  • The depth and volume of anterior chamber decrease with age. These changes predispose the eye to pupillary block and thus, the prevalence of angle-closure glaucoma with pupillary block increases with age. Acute angle-closure glaucoma has the highest incidence between the ages of 55 and 65 years, but it can also occur in young adults and has been reported in children as well.

Gender

  • Acute angle-closure glaucoma has been reported more in women than in men, and several population-based surveys have shown that the women are at increased risk of angle-closure glaucoma. Studies of normal eyes have shown that women have shallower anterior chambers than men.

Race

  • The prevalence of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) varies among different racial and ethnic groups. The Caucasian populations in the United States and Europe, the prevalence is estimated at 0.1%.

The Inuit populations from the Arctic regions have the highest-known prevalence of PACG about 20 to 40 times higher than that for Caucasian. Although estimates of the prevalence of PACG in Asian populations vary widely, available data suggest that for most Asian population groups, the prevalence of PACG is between that for whites and that for the Inuit. Some studies have suggested that the prevalence of PACG among blacks is similar to that among whites, with most cases among black persons being of the chronic variety.

Refraction

  • Although PACG may occur in eyes with any type of refractive error, it is typically associated with hyperopia. The depth and volume of the anterior chamber are reduced in hyperopic eyes, predisposing them to PACG.

Inheritance

  • Some of the anatomical features of the eye that increase the risk to pupillary block, e.g. more anterior lens position and greater lens thickness, are inherited. Although generalizable estimates are lacking, a population-based survey in China suggests that a family history of glaucoma increases the risk of PACG sixfold.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Yih-Chung Tham, Xiang Li, Tien Y. Wong, Harry A. Quigley, Tin Aung, Ching-Yu Cheng (2014). "Global Prevalence of Glaucoma and Projections of Glaucoma Burden through 2040". Ophthalmology. 121 (11): 2081–2090. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.013.
  2. "Glaucoma, Normal Tension, Susceptibility To." OMIM - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Accessed October 17, 2006.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Friedman DS, Wolfs RC, O'Colmain BJ, Klein BE, Taylor HR, West S, Leske MC, Mitchell P, Congdon N, Kempen J, Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group (2004). "Prevalence of Open-Angle Glaucoma Among Adults in the United States". Arch Ophthalmol. 122 (4): 532–8. doi:10.1001/archopht.122.4.532. PMC 2798086. PMID 15078671.
  4. Dielemans, Ida; Vingerling, Johannes R.; Wolfs, Roger C.W.; Hofman, Albert; Grobbee, Diederick E.; de Jong, Paulus T.V.M. (1994). "The Prevalence of Primary Open-angle Glaucoma in a Population-based Study in The Netherlands". Ophthalmology. 101 (11): 1851–1855. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(94)31090-6. ISSN 0161-6420.
  5. Leske, M. Cristina (1994). "The Barbados Eye Study". Archives of Ophthalmology. 112 (6): 821. doi:10.1001/archopht.1994.01090180121046. ISSN 0003-9950.

*

Template:WH Template:WS