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'''For the WikiPatient page for this topic, click [[Giardiasis (patient information)|here]]'''
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'''For the WikiPatient page for this topic, click [[Giardiasis (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Giardiasis}}
 
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}
 
{{SK}}  ARF; acute kidney failure; kidney failure, acute; renal failure, acute; uremia, acute; acute tubular necrosis
 
==[[Giardiasis overview|Overview]]==
 
==[[Giardiasis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
 
==[[Giardiasis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
 
==[[Giardiasis causes|Causes]]==
 
==[[Giardiasis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Giardiasis from other Diseases]]==


{{CMG}}
==[[Giardiasis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==


==[[Giardiasis risk factors|Risk Factors]]==


==[[Giardiasis screening|Screening]]==


==Overview==
==[[Giardiasis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
'''Giardiasis''' (also known as '''beaver fever''') is a disease caused by the [[flagellate|flagellate protozoan]] ''[[Giardia lamblia]]'' (also sometimes called ''Giardia intestinalis'' and ''Giardia duodenalis'') <ref>Huang, White. An Updated Review on Cryptosporidium and Giardia ''Gastroenterol Clin N Am 35'' (2006) 291–314</ref>. The giardia organism inhabits the digestive tract of a wide variety of domestic and wild animal species, including humans. It is a common cause of [[gastroenteritis]] in humans, infecting approximately 200 million people worldwide.


==Transmission==
==Diagnosis==
Giardiasis is passed via the [[fecal-oral route]]. Primary routes are personal contact and contaminated water and food. People who spend time in institutional or day-care environments are more susceptible, as are travelers and those who consume improperly treated water. It is a particular danger to people hiking or backpacking in wilderness areas worldwide. Giardia is suspected to be [[zoonotic]]—communicable between animals and humans.  Major reservoir hosts would include beavers, dogs, cats, horses, and cattle.


==Symptoms==
[[Giardiasis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Giardiasis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Giardiasis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Giardiasis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
Symptoms include loss of appetite, [[lethargy]], [[fever]], explosive [[diarrhea]], loose or watery stool, stomach cramps, upset stomach, projectile [[vomiting]] (uncommon), bloating, and [[flatulence]]. Symptoms typically begin 1–2 weeks after infection and may wane and reappear cyclically.  Symptoms are caused largely by the thick coating of ''[[Giardia]]'' organisms coating the inside of the [[small intestine]] and blocking nutrient absorption.  Most people are asymptomatic; only about a third of infected people exhibit symptoms.


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Drugs used to treat adults include [[metronidazole]], [[albendazole]] and [[quinacrine]]. [[Furazolidone]] and [[nitazoxanide]] may be used in children. Treatment is not always necessary, as the body can defeat the infection by itself.
The drug [[tinidazole]] has a long half life and a single dose of 2000 mg is effective in 90% of patients. This obviates the longer treatment using the other medications listed. The shorter duration of treatment may also cause less patient distress. Tinidazole is now approved by the FDA<ref name="FDA">[http://www.fda.gov/Cder/consumerinfo/druginfo/tindamax.htm FDA info on Tindamax].</ref> and available to U.S. patients.  Tinidazole is approved for the treatment of Giardiasis in patients over three years of age.  If a child is unable to swallow the tablets, they can be crushed and mixed with a favorite food or with syrup. Side effects of tinidazole include [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[headache]], the development of a metallic taste in the mouth and [[disulfiram]]-like side effects. Gatrointestinal side effects can be minimized by taking tinidazole with food.


==Testing==
[[Giardiasis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Giardiasis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Giardiasis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Giardiasis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Giardiasis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
While most sources suggest that commonly used tests for giardia are unreliable, a new immunologic test referred to as ELISA, for [[enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay]] are now available.  These tests are capable of a 90 percent detection rate or more. <ref>[http://www.yosemite.org/naturenotes/Giardia.htm#_ednref7 Giardia Lamblia and Giardiasis by Robert L. Rockwell, PhD ]</ref>


==References==
==Case Studies==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Giardiasis case study one|Case #1]]


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/giardiasis/factsht_giardia.htm Giardiasis Fact Sheet]
*[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/giardiasis/factsht_giardia.htm Giardiasis Fact Sheet]
*[http://www.emedicinehealth.com/articles/17334-1.asp eMedicine Health Giardiasis]


{{Protozoal diseases}}
{{Protozoal diseases}}

Revision as of 17:40, 4 October 2012

For the WikiPatient page for this topic, click here

Giardiasis
Giardia cell, SEM
ICD-10 A07.1
ICD-9 007.1
DiseasesDB 5213
MedlinePlus 000288
eMedicine emerg/215 
MeSH D005873

Giardiasis Microchapters

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Overview

Historical Perspective

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Causes

Differentiating Giardiasis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

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Risk calculators and risk factors for Giardiasis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]

Synonyms and keywords: ARF; acute kidney failure; kidney failure, acute; renal failure, acute; uremia, acute; acute tubular necrosis

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Giardiasis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

External links

Template:Protozoal diseases



Template:WikiDoc Sources

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