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{{drugbox-mab |
{{Drugbox
| image            =  
| Verifiedfields = changed
| source           = Humanized/chimeric
| verifiedrevid = 476992617
| target           = CD33
| image =
| CAS_number = 220578-59-6  
 
| ATC_prefix = L01  
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| type = mab
| ATC_supplemental =  
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| source = zu/o
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| target = [[CD33]]
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| molecular_weight =  
<!--Clinical data-->
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| tradename = Mylotarg
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| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|gemtuzumab_ozogamicin}}
| metabolism =  
| MedlinePlus = a607075
| elimination_half-life =  
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| pregnancy_category =  
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| routes_of_administration =  
| routes_of_administration = [[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]]
 
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| ATC_prefix = L01
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{{SI}}
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{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AV}}
 
==Overview==


{{Editor Help}}
'''Gemtuzumab ozogamicin''' (marketed by [[Wyeth]] as '''Mylotarg''') is a drug-linked [[monoclonal antibody]] (an [[antibody-drug conjugate]]) that was used to treat [[acute myelogenous leukemia]] from 2000 to 2010.  It was withdrawn from market in June 2010 when a clinical trial showed the drug increased patient death and added no benefit over conventional cancer therapies.


'''Gemtuzumab ozogamicin''' (marketed as '''Mylotarg''') is a [[monoclonal antibody]] used to treat [[acute myelogenous leukemia]].
Gemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody to [[CD33]] linked to a cytotoxic agent from the class of [[calicheamicin]]s.  CD33 is expressed in most leukemic blast cells but also in normal hematopoietic cells, the intensity diminishing with maturation of [[stem cells]].  In the United States, it was approved under an accelerated-approval process by the FDA in 2000 for use in patients over the age of 60 with relapsed [[acute myelogenous leukemia]] (AML); or those who are not considered candidates for standard chemotherapy.<ref name = FDA>{{cite journal | author=Bross PF, Beitz J, Chewn G, Chen XH, Duffy E, Kieffer L, Roy S, Sridhara R, Rahman A, Williams G, Pazdur R | title=Approval summary: gemtuzumab ozogamicin in relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year=2001 | pages=1490–6 | volume=7 | issue=6  | pmid=11410481}}</ref>


It is a monoclonal antibody to CD33 linked to a cytotoxic agent, [[calicheamicin]].  CD33 is expressed in most leukemic blast cells but also in normal hematopoietic cells the intensity diminishing with maturation.[[stem cells]]. When given to patients in first relapse, 15% of patients achieve a complete remission.  In the United States, it was approved by the FDA for use in patients over the age of 60 with relapsed AML who are not considered candidates for standard chemotherapy.<ref name = FDA>{{cite journal | author=Bross PF, Beitz J, Chen G, Chen XH, Duffy E, Kieffer L, Roy S, Sridhara R, Rahman A, Williams G, Pazdur R | title=Approval summary: gemtuzumab ozogamicin in relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year=2001 | pages=1490-6 | volume=7 | issue=6 | id=PMID 11410481}}</ref>
Within the first year after approval,  the FDA required a black box warning be added to Gemtuzumab packaging.  The drug was noted to increase the risk of [[veno-occlusive disease]] in the absence of [[bone marrow transplantation]].<ref name = VOD>{{cite journal | author=Giles FJ, Kantarjian HM, Kornblau SM, Thomas DA, Garcia-Manero G, Waddelow TA, David CL, Phan AT, Colburn DE, Rashid A, Estey EH | title=Mylotarg (gemtuzumab ozogamicin) therapy is associated with hepatic venoocclusive disease in patients who have not received stem cell transplantation. | journal=Cancer | year=2001 | pages=406–13 | volume=92 | issue=2  | pmid=11466696 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(20010715)92:2<406::AID-CNCR1336>3.0.CO;2-U}}</ref> Later the onset of VOD was shown to occur at increased frequency in Gemtuzumab patients even following bone marrow transplantation.<ref name = BMTVOD>{{cite journal | author=Wadleigh M, Richardson PG, Zahrieh D, Lee SJ, Cutler C, Ho V, Alyea EP, Antin JH, Stone RM, Soiffer RJ, DeAngelo DJ | title=Prior gemtuzumab ozogamicin exposure significantly increases the risk of veno-occlusive disease in patients who undergo myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation. | journal=Blood | year=2003 | pages=1578–82 | volume=102 | issue=5 | pmid=12738663 | doi=10.1182/blood-2003-01-0255}}</ref> The drug was discussed in a 2008 JAMA article, which criticized the inadequacy of postmarketing surveillance  of biologic agents.<ref>[http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/293/17/2131.abstract The Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) Project, ''JAMA'']</ref>


A notable complication of therapy with gemtuzumab is the increased risk of [[veno-occlusive disease]] in the absence of [[bone marrow transplantation]].<ref name = VOD>{{cite journal | author=Giles FJ, Kantarjian HM, Kornblau SM, Thomas DA, Garcia-Manero G, Waddelow TA, David CL, Phan AT, Colburn DE, Rashid A, Estey EH | title=Mylotarg (gemtuzumab ozogamicin) therapy is associated with hepatic venoocclusive disease in patients who have not received stem cell transplantation. | journal=Cancer | year=2001 | pages=406-13 | volume=92 | issue=2  | id=PMID 11466696}}</ref>  The onset of VOD can also be delayed and can occur at increased frequency following bone marrow transplantation.<ref name = BMTVOD>{{cite journal | author=Wadleigh M, Richardson PG, Zahrieh D, Lee SJ, Cutler C, Ho V, Alyea EP, Antin JH, Stone RM, Soiffer RJ, DeAngelo DJ | title=Prior gemtuzumab ozogamicin exposure significantly increases the risk of veno-occlusive disease in patients who undergo myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation. | journal=Blood | year=2003 | pages=1578-82 | volume=102 | issue=5  | id=PMID 12738663}}</ref>
Common side effects of administration included [[shiver]]ing, [[fever]], [[nausea]] and vomiting. Serious side effects included severe [[myelosuppression]] (suppressed activity of [[bone marrow]], which is involved in formation of various [[blood cell]]s [found in 98% of patients]), disorder of the [[respiratory system]], [[tumor lysis syndrome]], [[Immune complex hypersensitivity|Type III hypersensitivity]], venous occlusion, and death.


Common side effects of administration include shivering, nausea, and fever.
==Withdrawal from market==
Serious side effects include severe myelosuppression (found in 98% of patients), disorder of the respiratory system, tumor lysis syndrome, and Immune hypersensitivity syndrome.  
A randomized phase 3 comparative controlled trial (SWOG S0106) was initiated in 2004 by Wyeth in accordance with the FDA accelerated-approval process.  The study was stopped prior to completion due to worrisome outcomes.  Among the patients evaluated, fatal toxicity rate was significantly higher in the gemtuzumab combination therapy group vs the standard therapy group. Mortality was 5.7% with gemtuzumab and 1.4% without the agent (16/283 = 5.7% vs 4/281 = 1.4%; P = .01).<ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/723957], ''Medscape''</ref>


==References==
In June 2010, Pfizer withdrew Mylotarg from the market at the request of the US FDA.<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm216458.htm Mylotarg (gemtuzumab ozogamicin): Market Withdrawal], US FDA</ref><ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65K5QG20100621 Pfizer pulls leukemia drug from U.S. market], ''Reuters''</ref>  However, some other regulatory authorities did not agree with the FDA decision, with Japan's Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency stating in 2011 that the "risk-benefit balance of gemtuzumab ozogamicin has not changed from its state at the time of approval".<ref>{{cite techreport | institution=Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency of Japan |url=http://www.pmda.go.jp/english/service/pdf/precautions/PMDSI-277.pdf | title=Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Safety Information, No. 277, February 2011 | year=2011}}</ref>
<div class="references-small">
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{{Chemotherapeutic agents}}
==See also==
{{Humanizedmonoclonals}}
* [[Inotuzumab ozogamicin]]
{{SIB}}


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==References==
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
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[[Category:Monoclonal antibodies]]
{{Extracellular chemotherapeutic agents}}
[[Category:Orphan drugs]]
{{Monoclonals for tumors}}
[[Category:Hematology]]


[[pt:Gentuzumab ozogamicina]]
[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Chemotherapeutic agents]]
[[Category:Monoclonal antibodies for tumors]]
[[Category:Withdrawn drugs]]

Latest revision as of 19:21, 19 February 2015

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin
Monoclonal antibody
TypeWhole antibody
SourceTemplate:Infobox drug/mab source
TargetCD33
Clinical data
Trade namesMylotarg
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa607075
Pregnancy
category
  • D
Routes of
administration		Intravenous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
CAS Number
DrugBank
ChemSpider
KEGG
ChEMBL
E number{{#property:P628}}
ECHA InfoCard{{#property:P2566}}Lua error in Module:EditAtWikidata at line 36: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
Chemical and physical data
Molar mass151–153 kDa
 ☒N☑Y (what is this?)  (verify)

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aparna Vuppala, M.B.B.S. [3]

Overview

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (marketed by Wyeth as Mylotarg) is a drug-linked monoclonal antibody (an antibody-drug conjugate) that was used to treat acute myelogenous leukemia from 2000 to 2010. It was withdrawn from market in June 2010 when a clinical trial showed the drug increased patient death and added no benefit over conventional cancer therapies.

Gemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody to CD33 linked to a cytotoxic agent from the class of calicheamicins. CD33 is expressed in most leukemic blast cells but also in normal hematopoietic cells, the intensity diminishing with maturation of stem cells. In the United States, it was approved under an accelerated-approval process by the FDA in 2000 for use in patients over the age of 60 with relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML); or those who are not considered candidates for standard chemotherapy.[1]

Within the first year after approval, the FDA required a black box warning be added to Gemtuzumab packaging. The drug was noted to increase the risk of veno-occlusive disease in the absence of bone marrow transplantation.[2] Later the onset of VOD was shown to occur at increased frequency in Gemtuzumab patients even following bone marrow transplantation.[3] The drug was discussed in a 2008 JAMA article, which criticized the inadequacy of postmarketing surveillance of biologic agents.[4]

Common side effects of administration included shivering, fever, nausea and vomiting. Serious side effects included severe myelosuppression (suppressed activity of bone marrow, which is involved in formation of various blood cells [found in 98% of patients]), disorder of the respiratory system, tumor lysis syndrome, Type III hypersensitivity, venous occlusion, and death.

Withdrawal from market

A randomized phase 3 comparative controlled trial (SWOG S0106) was initiated in 2004 by Wyeth in accordance with the FDA accelerated-approval process. The study was stopped prior to completion due to worrisome outcomes. Among the patients evaluated, fatal toxicity rate was significantly higher in the gemtuzumab combination therapy group vs the standard therapy group. Mortality was 5.7% with gemtuzumab and 1.4% without the agent (16/283 = 5.7% vs 4/281 = 1.4%; P = .01).[5]

In June 2010, Pfizer withdrew Mylotarg from the market at the request of the US FDA.[6][7] However, some other regulatory authorities did not agree with the FDA decision, with Japan's Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency stating in 2011 that the "risk-benefit balance of gemtuzumab ozogamicin has not changed from its state at the time of approval".[8]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bross PF, Beitz J, Chewn G, Chen XH, Duffy E, Kieffer L, Roy S, Sridhara R, Rahman A, Williams G, Pazdur R (2001). "Approval summary: gemtuzumab ozogamicin in relapsed acute myeloid leukemia". Clin Cancer Res. 7 (6): 1490–6. PMID 11410481.
  2. ↑ Giles FJ, Kantarjian HM, Kornblau SM, Thomas DA, Garcia-Manero G, Waddelow TA, David CL, Phan AT, Colburn DE, Rashid A, Estey EH (2001). "Mylotarg (gemtuzumab ozogamicin) therapy is associated with hepatic venoocclusive disease in patients who have not received stem cell transplantation". Cancer. 92 (2): 406–13. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(20010715)92:2<406::AID-CNCR1336>3.0.CO;2-U. PMID 11466696.
  3. ↑ Wadleigh M, Richardson PG, Zahrieh D, Lee SJ, Cutler C, Ho V, Alyea EP, Antin JH, Stone RM, Soiffer RJ, DeAngelo DJ (2003). "Prior gemtuzumab ozogamicin exposure significantly increases the risk of veno-occlusive disease in patients who undergo myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation". Blood. 102 (5): 1578–82. doi:10.1182/blood-2003-01-0255. PMID 12738663.
  4. ↑ The Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) Project, JAMA
  5. ↑ [1], Medscape
  6. ↑ Mylotarg (gemtuzumab ozogamicin): Market Withdrawal, US FDA
  7. ↑ Pfizer pulls leukemia drug from U.S. market, Reuters
  8. ↑ Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Safety Information, No. 277, February 2011 (PDF) (Technical report). Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency of Japan. 2011.

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