Fungal meningitis risk factors: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
m (Bot: Removing from Primary care)
 
(7 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[User:Rim Halaby|Rim Halaby]]; {{PTD}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[User:Rim Halaby|Rim Halaby]]; {{PTD}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Fungal meningitis]] rarely occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. Co-existing medical conditions, [[immunosuppression]] and travel history to areas where specific [[fungi]] are endemic are risk factors for [[fungal meningitis]]
[[Fungal meningitis]] rarely occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. Co-existing medical conditions, [[immunosuppression]] and travel history to areas where specific [[fungi]] are endemic are risk factors for [[fungal meningitis]]. <ref name="pmid12751260">{{cite journal| author=Chiller TM, Galgiani JN, Stevens DA| title=Coccidioidomycosis. | journal=Infect Dis Clin North Am | year= 2003 | volume= 17 | issue= 1 | pages= 41-57, viii | pmid=12751260 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12751260  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11429020">{{cite journal| author=Singh N, Husain S| title=Infections of the central nervous system in transplant recipients. | journal=Transpl Infect Dis | year= 2000 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= 101-11 | pmid=11429020 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11429020  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11229838">{{cite journal| author=Rosenstein NE, Emery KW, Werner SB, Kao A, Johnson R, Rogers D et al.| title=Risk factors for severe pulmonary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis: Kern County, California, 1995-1996. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 32 | issue= 5 | pages= 708-15 | pmid=11229838 | doi=10.1086/319203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11229838  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11051295">{{cite journal| author=Gottfredsson M, Perfect JR| title=Fungal meningitis. | journal=Semin Neurol | year= 2000 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 307-22 | pmid=11051295 | doi=10.1055/s-2000-9394 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11051295  }} </ref><ref name="pmid480580">{{cite journal| author=Fraser DW, Ward JI, Ajello L, Plikaytis BD| title=Aspergillosis and other systemic mycoses. The growing problem. | journal=JAMA | year= 1979 | volume= 242 | issue= 15 | pages= 1631-5 | pmid=480580 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=480580  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7004196">{{cite journal| author=Perfect JR, Lang SD, Durack DT| title=Chronic cryptococcal meningitis: a new experimental model in rabbits. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 1980 | volume= 101 | issue= 1 | pages= 177-94 | pmid=7004196 | doi= | pmc=1903580 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7004196  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3992427">{{cite journal| author=Perfect JR, Durack DT| title=Chemotactic activity of cerebrospinal fluid in experimental cryptococcal meningitis. | journal=Sabouraudia | year= 1985 | volume= 23 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-45 | pmid=3992427 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3992427  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3899932">{{cite journal| author=Perfect JR, Durack DT| title=Effects of cyclosporine in experimental cryptococcal meningitis. | journal=Infect Immun | year= 1985 | volume= 50 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-6 | pmid=3899932 | doi= | pmc=262129 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3899932  }} </ref>
 
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Risk factors in the development of [[fungal meningitis]] include:<ref name="pmid26392507">{{cite journal| author=Morgand M, Rammaert B, Poirée S, Bougnoux ME, Tran H, Kania R et al.| title=Chronic Invasive Aspergillus Sinusitis and Otitis with Meningeal Extension Successfully Treated with Voriconazole. | journal=Antimicrob Agents Chemother | year= 2015 | volume= 59 | issue= 12 | pages= 7857-61 | pmid=26392507 | doi=10.1128/AAC.01506-15 | pmc=4649149 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26392507  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17921648">{{cite journal| author=Shankar SK, Mahadevan A, Sundaram C, Sarkar C, Chacko G, Lanjewar DN et al.| title=Pathobiology of fungal infections of the central nervous system with special reference to the Indian scenario. | journal=Neurol India | year= 2007 | volume= 55 | issue= 3 | pages= 198-215 | pmid=17921648 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17921648  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12751260">{{cite journal| author=Chiller TM, Galgiani JN, Stevens DA| title=Coccidioidomycosis. | journal=Infect Dis Clin North Am | year= 2003 | volume= 17 | issue= 1 | pages= 41-57, viii | pmid=12751260 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12751260  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11429020">{{cite journal| author=Singh N, Husain S| title=Infections of the central nervous system in transplant recipients. | journal=Transpl Infect Dis | year= 2000 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= 101-11 | pmid=11429020 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11429020  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11229838">{{cite journal| author=Rosenstein NE, Emery KW, Werner SB, Kao A, Johnson R, Rogers D et al.| title=Risk factors for severe pulmonary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis: Kern County, California, 1995-1996. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 32 | issue= 5 | pages= 708-15 | pmid=11229838 | doi=10.1086/319203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11229838  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11051295">{{cite journal| author=Gottfredsson M, Perfect JR| title=Fungal meningitis. | journal=Semin Neurol | year= 2000 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 307-22 | pmid=11051295 | doi=10.1055/s-2000-9394 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11051295  }} </ref><ref name="pmid480580">{{cite journal| author=Fraser DW, Ward JI, Ajello L, Plikaytis BD| title=Aspergillosis and other systemic mycoses. The growing problem. | journal=JAMA | year= 1979 | volume= 242 | issue= 15 | pages= 1631-5 | pmid=480580 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=480580  }} </ref>
Risk factors in the development of [[fungal meningitis]] include:<ref name="pmid26392507">{{cite journal| author=Morgand M, Rammaert B, Poirée S, Bougnoux ME, Tran H, Kania R et al.| title=Chronic Invasive Aspergillus Sinusitis and Otitis with Meningeal Extension Successfully Treated with Voriconazole. | journal=Antimicrob Agents Chemother | year= 2015 | volume= 59 | issue= 12 | pages= 7857-61 | pmid=26392507 | doi=10.1128/AAC.01506-15 | pmc=4649149 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26392507  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17921648">{{cite journal| author=Shankar SK, Mahadevan A, Sundaram C, Sarkar C, Chacko G, Lanjewar DN et al.| title=Pathobiology of fungal infections of the central nervous system with special reference to the Indian scenario. | journal=Neurol India | year= 2007 | volume= 55 | issue= 3 | pages= 198-215 | pmid=17921648 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17921648  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12751260">{{cite journal| author=Chiller TM, Galgiani JN, Stevens DA| title=Coccidioidomycosis. | journal=Infect Dis Clin North Am | year= 2003 | volume= 17 | issue= 1 | pages= 41-57, viii | pmid=12751260 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12751260  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11429020">{{cite journal| author=Singh N, Husain S| title=Infections of the central nervous system in transplant recipients. | journal=Transpl Infect Dis | year= 2000 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= 101-11 | pmid=11429020 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11429020  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11229838">{{cite journal| author=Rosenstein NE, Emery KW, Werner SB, Kao A, Johnson R, Rogers D et al.| title=Risk factors for severe pulmonary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis: Kern County, California, 1995-1996. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 32 | issue= 5 | pages= 708-15 | pmid=11229838 | doi=10.1086/319203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11229838  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11051295">{{cite journal| author=Gottfredsson M, Perfect JR| title=Fungal meningitis. | journal=Semin Neurol | year= 2000 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 307-22 | pmid=11051295 | doi=10.1055/s-2000-9394 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11051295  }} </ref><ref name="pmid480580">{{cite journal| author=Fraser DW, Ward JI, Ajello L, Plikaytis BD| title=Aspergillosis and other systemic mycoses. The growing problem. | journal=JAMA | year= 1979 | volume= 242 | issue= 15 | pages= 1631-5 | pmid=480580 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=480580  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7004196">{{cite journal| author=Perfect JR, Lang SD, Durack DT| title=Chronic cryptococcal meningitis: a new experimental model in rabbits. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 1980 | volume= 101 | issue= 1 | pages= 177-94 | pmid=7004196 | doi= | pmc=1903580 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7004196  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3992427">{{cite journal| author=Perfect JR, Durack DT| title=Chemotactic activity of cerebrospinal fluid in experimental cryptococcal meningitis. | journal=Sabouraudia | year= 1985 | volume= 23 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-45 | pmid=3992427 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3992427  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3899932">{{cite journal| author=Perfect JR, Durack DT| title=Effects of cyclosporine in experimental cryptococcal meningitis. | journal=Infect Immun | year= 1985 | volume= 50 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-6 | pmid=3899932 | doi= | pmc=262129 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3899932  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3275587">{{cite journal| author=Mody CH, Toews GB, Lipscomb MF| title=Cyclosporin A inhibits the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans in a murine model. | journal=Infect Immun | year= 1988 | volume= 56 | issue= 1 | pages= 7-12 | pmid=3275587 | doi= | pmc=259224 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3275587  }} </ref>
*''[[Aspergillus sp.]]''
 
 
===Risk factors by the causative organism===
*'''[[Aspergillus|Aspergillus sp.]]'''
**[[Sinusitis]]
**[[Sinusitis]]
**[[Granulocytopenia]]
**[[Granulocytopenia]]
Line 27: Line 31:
**Persons with [[diabetes]] and  
**Persons with [[diabetes]] and  
**[[Smoking]]
**[[Smoking]]
*''[[Candida sp.]]''
*''[[Candida|Candida sp.]]''
**[[IV drug abusers|IV drug abuse]]
**[[IV drug abusers|IV drug abuse]]
**Post surgery
**Post surgery
Line 34: Line 38:
*''[[Cryptococcus neoformans]]''
*''[[Cryptococcus neoformans]]''
**[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus|Human immunodeficiency virus]] ([[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]) / [[acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]] ([[AIDS]])
**[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus|Human immunodeficiency virus]] ([[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]) / [[acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]] ([[AIDS]])
**Immune suppression examples  systemic neoplasia and organ transplantation
**[[Immune suppression]] (examples  [[Neoplasia|systemic neoplasia]] and [[organ transplantation]])
**Pigeon exposure
**Pigeon exposure
**Skin and other organ involvement due to [[Disseminated disease|disseminated]] infection
**Skin and other organ involvement due to [[Disseminated disease|disseminated]] infection
Line 42: Line 46:
**[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus|Human immunodeficiency virus]] ([[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]) / [[acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]] ([[AIDS]])
**[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus|Human immunodeficiency virus]] ([[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]) / [[acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]] ([[AIDS]])
**[[Mucosal]] lesions
**[[Mucosal]] lesions
*''Pseudoallescheria boydii''
*''[[Pseudallescheria boydii|Pseudallescheria]]'' [[Pseudallescheria boydii|''boydii'']]
**Water [[aspiration]]
**Water [[aspiration]]
*''[[Sporothrix schenckii]]''
*''[[Sporothrix schenckii]]''
Line 48: Line 52:
**[[IV drug use]]
**[[IV drug use]]
**[[Ulcerated lesion|Ulcerated]] skin lesion<ref>Koroshetz WJ. Chapter 382. Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.</ref>
**[[Ulcerated lesion|Ulcerated]] skin lesion<ref>Koroshetz WJ. Chapter 382. Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.</ref>
===Risk factors in children===
Children with the following conditions have higher [[incidence]] of fungal meningitis:
*[[Myeloperoxidase deficiency]]<ref name="pmid6834633">{{cite journal| author=Oleske J, Minnefor A, Cooper R, Thomas K, dela Cruz A, Ahdieh H et al.| title=Immune deficiency syndrome in children. | journal=JAMA | year= 1983 | volume= 249 | issue= 17 | pages= 2345-9 | pmid=6834633 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6834633  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8381226">{{cite journal| author=Ludviksson BR, Thorarensen O, Gudnason T, Halldorsson S| title=Candida albicans meningitis in a child with myeloperoxidase deficiency. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 1993 | volume= 12 | issue= 2 | pages= 162-4 | pmid=8381226 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8381226  }} </ref>
*[[Chronic granulomatous disease]] of childhood<ref name="pmid7195647">{{cite journal| author=Cohen MS, Isturiz RE, Malech HL, Root RK, Wilfert CM, Gutman L et al.| title=Fungal infection in chronic granulomatous disease. The importance of the phagocyte in defense against fungi. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1981 | volume= 71 | issue= 1 | pages= 59-66 | pmid=7195647 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7195647  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3706396">{{cite journal| author=Fleischmann J, Church JA, Lehrer RI| title=Primary Candida meningitis and chronic granulomatous disease. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 1986 | volume= 291 | issue= 5 | pages= 334-41 | pmid=3706396 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3706396  }} </ref>
*[[Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis]]<ref name="pmid8160723">{{cite journal| author=Germain M, Gourdeau M, Hébert J| title=Case report: familial chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis complicated by deep candida infection. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 1994 | volume= 307 | issue= 4 | pages= 282-3 | pmid=8160723 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8160723  }} </ref>
* [[White blood cells|White blood cell]] defects<ref name="pmid7195647">{{cite journal| author=Cohen MS, Isturiz RE, Malech HL, Root RK, Wilfert CM, Gutman L et al.| title=Fungal infection in chronic granulomatous disease. The importance of the phagocyte in defense against fungi. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1981 | volume= 71 | issue= 1 | pages= 59-66 | pmid=7195647 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7195647  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3706396">{{cite journal| author=Fleischmann J, Church JA, Lehrer RI| title=Primary Candida meningitis and chronic granulomatous disease. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 1986 | volume= 291 | issue= 5 | pages= 334-41 | pmid=3706396 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3706396  }} </ref>
*[[Severe combined immunodeficiency]] [[Severe combined immunodeficiency|SCID]]<ref name="pmid6726524">{{cite journal| author=Smego RA, Devoe PW, Sampson HA, Perfect JR, Wilfert CM, Buckley RH| title=Candida meningitis in two children with severe combined immunodeficiency. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1984 | volume= 104 | issue= 6 | pages= 902-4 | pmid=6726524 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6726524  }} </ref>
*Advanced [[HIV]]<ref name="pmid9314460">{{cite journal| author=Casado JL, Quereda C, Oliva J, Navas E, Moreno A, Pintado V et al.| title=Candidal meningitis in HIV-infected patients: analysis of 14 cases. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1997 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 673-6 | pmid=9314460 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9314460  }} </ref>
*Direct extension via [[trauma]] <ref name="pmid10442428">{{cite journal| author=Brenier-Pinchart MP, Leclercq P, Mallié M, Bettega G| title=Candida meningitis possibly resulting from a harpoon injury. | journal=Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 18 | issue= 6 | pages= 454-5 | pmid=10442428 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10442428  }} </ref>
*Post [[ventriculostomy]] placement, or ventricular shunts, especially after [[antibacterial]] therapy<ref name="pmid21431456">{{cite journal| author=O'Brien D, Stevens NT, Lim CH, O'Brien DF, Smyth E, Fitzpatrick F et al.| title=Candida infection of the central nervous system following neurosurgery: a 12-year review. | journal=Acta Neurochir (Wien) | year= 2011 | volume= 153 | issue= 6 | pages= 1347-50 | pmid=21431456 | doi=10.1007/s00701-011-0990-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21431456  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8562739">{{cite journal| author=Nguyen MH, Yu VL| title=Meningitis caused by Candida species: an emerging problem in neurosurgical patients. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1995 | volume= 21 | issue= 2 | pages= 323-7 | pmid=8562739 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8562739  }} </ref>
*Use of bischloroethylnitrosourea [[polymer]] wafers implanted for local therapy of [[CNS tumor|CNS malignancies]]<ref name="pmid21158511">{{cite journal| author=O'Brien D, Cotter M, Lim CH, Sattar MT, Smyth E, Fitzpatrick F| title=Candida parapsilosis meningitis associated with Gliadel (BCNU) wafer implants. | journal=Br J Neurosurg | year= 2011 | volume= 25 | issue= 2 | pages= 289-91 | pmid=21158511 | doi=10.3109/02688697.2010.534202 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21158511  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20028954">{{cite journal| author=Glick JA, Graham RS, Voils SA| title=Candida meningitis post Gliadel wafer placement successfully treated with intrathecal and intravenous amphotericin B. | journal=Ann Pharmacother | year= 2010 | volume= 44 | issue= 1 | pages= 215-8 | pmid=20028954 | doi=10.1345/aph.1M453 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20028954  }} </ref>
* CNS drains and catheters represent disease<ref name="pmid10452649">{{cite journal| author=Geers TA, Gordon SM| title=Clinical significance of Candida species isolated from cerebrospinal fluid following neurosurgery. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 28 | issue= 5 | pages= 1139-47 | pmid=10452649 | doi=10.1086/514755 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10452649  }} </ref>
* In [[premature]] [[infants]] and [[neonates]]<ref name="pmid10987705">{{cite journal| author=Fernandez M, Moylett EH, Noyola DE, Baker CJ| title=Candidal meningitis in neonates: a 10-year review. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 458-63 | pmid=10987705 | doi=10.1086/313973 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10987705  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 58: Line 90:
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]

Latest revision as of 21:48, 29 July 2020

Meningitis main page

Fungal meningitis Microchapters

Home

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Fungal meningitis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Screening

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

X-ray

ECG

MRI

CT

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Findings

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Case Studies

Case #1

Fungal meningitis risk factors On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Fungal meningitis risk factors

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Fungal meningitis risk factors

CDC on Fungal meningitis risk factors

Fungal meningitis risk factors in the news

Blogs on Fungal meningitis risk factors

Directions to Hospitals Treating Fungal meningitis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Fungal meningitis risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rim Halaby; Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [2]

Overview

Fungal meningitis rarely occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. Co-existing medical conditions, immunosuppression and travel history to areas where specific fungi are endemic are risk factors for fungal meningitis. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

Risk Factors

Risk factors in the development of fungal meningitis include:[9][10][1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][11]


Risk factors by the causative organism


Risk factors in children

Children with the following conditions have higher incidence of fungal meningitis:

  • CNS drains and catheters represent disease[25]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Chiller TM, Galgiani JN, Stevens DA (2003). "Coccidioidomycosis". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 17 (1): 41–57, viii. PMID 12751260.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Singh N, Husain S (2000). "Infections of the central nervous system in transplant recipients". Transpl Infect Dis. 2 (3): 101–11. PMID 11429020.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Rosenstein NE, Emery KW, Werner SB, Kao A, Johnson R, Rogers D; et al. (2001). "Risk factors for severe pulmonary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis: Kern County, California, 1995-1996". Clin Infect Dis. 32 (5): 708–15. doi:10.1086/319203. PMID 11229838.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Gottfredsson M, Perfect JR (2000). "Fungal meningitis". Semin Neurol. 20 (3): 307–22. doi:10.1055/s-2000-9394. PMID 11051295.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Fraser DW, Ward JI, Ajello L, Plikaytis BD (1979). "Aspergillosis and other systemic mycoses. The growing problem". JAMA. 242 (15): 1631–5. PMID 480580.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Perfect JR, Lang SD, Durack DT (1980). "Chronic cryptococcal meningitis: a new experimental model in rabbits". Am J Pathol. 101 (1): 177–94. PMC 1903580. PMID 7004196.
  7. 7.0 7.1 Perfect JR, Durack DT (1985). "Chemotactic activity of cerebrospinal fluid in experimental cryptococcal meningitis". Sabouraudia. 23 (1): 37–45. PMID 3992427.
  8. 8.0 8.1 Perfect JR, Durack DT (1985). "Effects of cyclosporine in experimental cryptococcal meningitis". Infect Immun. 50 (1): 22–6. PMC 262129. PMID 3899932.
  9. Morgand M, Rammaert B, Poirée S, Bougnoux ME, Tran H, Kania R; et al. (2015). "Chronic Invasive Aspergillus Sinusitis and Otitis with Meningeal Extension Successfully Treated with Voriconazole". Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 59 (12): 7857–61. doi:10.1128/AAC.01506-15. PMC 4649149. PMID 26392507.
  10. Shankar SK, Mahadevan A, Sundaram C, Sarkar C, Chacko G, Lanjewar DN; et al. (2007). "Pathobiology of fungal infections of the central nervous system with special reference to the Indian scenario". Neurol India. 55 (3): 198–215. PMID 17921648.
  11. Mody CH, Toews GB, Lipscomb MF (1988). "Cyclosporin A inhibits the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans in a murine model". Infect Immun. 56 (1): 7–12. PMC 259224. PMID 3275587.
  12. Koroshetz WJ. Chapter 382. Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
  13. Oleske J, Minnefor A, Cooper R, Thomas K, dela Cruz A, Ahdieh H; et al. (1983). "Immune deficiency syndrome in children". JAMA. 249 (17): 2345–9. PMID 6834633.
  14. Ludviksson BR, Thorarensen O, Gudnason T, Halldorsson S (1993). "Candida albicans meningitis in a child with myeloperoxidase deficiency". Pediatr Infect Dis J. 12 (2): 162–4. PMID 8381226.
  15. 15.0 15.1 Cohen MS, Isturiz RE, Malech HL, Root RK, Wilfert CM, Gutman L; et al. (1981). "Fungal infection in chronic granulomatous disease. The importance of the phagocyte in defense against fungi". Am J Med. 71 (1): 59–66. PMID 7195647.
  16. 16.0 16.1 Fleischmann J, Church JA, Lehrer RI (1986). "Primary Candida meningitis and chronic granulomatous disease". Am J Med Sci. 291 (5): 334–41. PMID 3706396.
  17. Germain M, Gourdeau M, Hébert J (1994). "Case report: familial chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis complicated by deep candida infection". Am J Med Sci. 307 (4): 282–3. PMID 8160723.
  18. Smego RA, Devoe PW, Sampson HA, Perfect JR, Wilfert CM, Buckley RH (1984). "Candida meningitis in two children with severe combined immunodeficiency". J Pediatr. 104 (6): 902–4. PMID 6726524.
  19. Casado JL, Quereda C, Oliva J, Navas E, Moreno A, Pintado V; et al. (1997). "Candidal meningitis in HIV-infected patients: analysis of 14 cases". Clin Infect Dis. 25 (3): 673–6. PMID 9314460.
  20. Brenier-Pinchart MP, Leclercq P, Mallié M, Bettega G (1999). "Candida meningitis possibly resulting from a harpoon injury". Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 18 (6): 454–5. PMID 10442428.
  21. O'Brien D, Stevens NT, Lim CH, O'Brien DF, Smyth E, Fitzpatrick F; et al. (2011). "Candida infection of the central nervous system following neurosurgery: a 12-year review". Acta Neurochir (Wien). 153 (6): 1347–50. doi:10.1007/s00701-011-0990-9. PMID 21431456.
  22. Nguyen MH, Yu VL (1995). "Meningitis caused by Candida species: an emerging problem in neurosurgical patients". Clin Infect Dis. 21 (2): 323–7. PMID 8562739.
  23. O'Brien D, Cotter M, Lim CH, Sattar MT, Smyth E, Fitzpatrick F (2011). "Candida parapsilosis meningitis associated with Gliadel (BCNU) wafer implants". Br J Neurosurg. 25 (2): 289–91. doi:10.3109/02688697.2010.534202. PMID 21158511.
  24. Glick JA, Graham RS, Voils SA (2010). "Candida meningitis post Gliadel wafer placement successfully treated with intrathecal and intravenous amphotericin B." Ann Pharmacother. 44 (1): 215–8. doi:10.1345/aph.1M453. PMID 20028954.
  25. Geers TA, Gordon SM (1999). "Clinical significance of Candida species isolated from cerebrospinal fluid following neurosurgery". Clin Infect Dis. 28 (5): 1139–47. doi:10.1086/514755. PMID 10452649.
  26. Fernandez M, Moylett EH, Noyola DE, Baker CJ (2000). "Candidal meningitis in neonates: a 10-year review". Clin Infect Dis. 31 (2): 458–63. doi:10.1086/313973. PMID 10987705.

Template:WH Template:WS