FGR (gene): Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
m (Robot: Automated text replacement (-{{WikiDoc Cardiology Network Infobox}} +, -<references /> +{{reflist|2}}, -{{reflist}} +{{reflist|2}}))
 
imported>JCW-CleanerBot
m (→‎Further reading: clean up, replaced: Biochemistry. Biokhimii͡A → Biochemistry. Biokhimiia)
 
(One intermediate revision by one other user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''Gardner-Rasheed feline sarcoma viral (v-fgr) oncogene homolog''', also known as '''FGR''', is a [[protein]] which in humans is encoded by the ''FGR'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid2995972">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tronick SR, Popescu NC, Cheah MS, Swan DC, Amsbaugh SC, Lengel CR, DiPaolo JA, Robbins KC | title =  of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 82 | issue = 19 | pages = 6595–9 | date = Oct 1985 | pmid = 2995972 | pmc = 391256 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.82.19.6595 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: FGR Gardner-Rasheed feline sarcoma viral (v-fgr) oncogene homolog| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2268| accessdate = }}</ref>
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}


<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Gardner-Rasheed feline sarcoma viral (v-fgr) oncogene homolog
| HGNCid = 3697
| Symbol = FGR
| AltSymbols =; FLJ43153; MGC75096; SRC2; c-fgr; c-src2; p55c-fgr; p58c-fgr
| OMIM = 164940
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 3842
| MGIid = 95527
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_FGR_208438_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000166 |text = nucleotide binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004713 |text = protein-tyrosine kinase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005524 |text = ATP binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016740 |text = transferase activity}}
| Component =
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006468 |text = protein amino acid phosphorylation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007242 |text = intracellular signaling cascade}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0009615 |text = response to virus}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 2268
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000000938
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_001036194
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_001042729
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 1
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 27811162
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 27834375
    | Hs_Uniprot = P09769
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 14191
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000028874
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_010208
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_034338
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 4
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 132246266
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 132273953
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q6GTF2
  }}
}}
'''Gardner-Rasheed feline sarcoma viral (v-fgr) oncogene homolog''', also known as '''FGR''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: FGR Gardner-Rasheed feline sarcoma viral (v-fgr) oncogene homolog| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2268| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
This gene is a member of the Src family of protein [[tyrosine kinase]]s (PTKs). The encoded protein contains [[N-terminus|N-terminal]] sites for [[myristoylation]] and [[palmitoylation]], a PTK domain, and [[SH2 domain|SH2]] and [[SH3 domain|SH3]] domains which are involved in mediating protein-protein interactions with phosphotyrosine-containing and proline-rich motifs, respectively. The protein localizes to plasma membrane ruffles, and functions as a negative regulator of cell [[cell migration|migration]] and [[cell adhesion|adhesion]] triggered by the beta-2 [[integrin]] signal transduction pathway. Infection with [[Epstein-Barr virus]] results in the overexpression of this gene. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified.<ref name="entrez" />
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = This gene is a member of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). The encoded protein contains N-terminal sites for myristylation and palmitylation, a PTK domain, and SH2 and SH3 domains which are involved in mediating protein-protein interactions with phosphotyrosine-containing and proline-rich motifs, respectively. The protein localizes to plasma membrane ruffles, and functions as a negative regulator of cell migration and adhesion triggered by the beta-2 integrin signal transduction pathway. Infection with Epstein-Barr virus results in the overexpression of this gene. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: FGR Gardner-Rasheed feline sarcoma viral (v-fgr) oncogene homolog| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2268| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}


==References==
== Discovery  ==
{{reflist|2}}
 
==Further reading==
The feline version of this gene was discovered by Suraiya Rasheed, Murray Gardner, and co-workers.<ref name="pmid6175084">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rasheed S, Barbacid M, Aaronson S, Gardner MB | title = Origin and biological properties of a new feline sarcoma virus | journal = Virology | volume = 117 | issue = 1 | pages = 238–44 | date = Feb 1982 | pmid = 6175084 | doi = 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90522-0 }}</ref>
 
== Interactions ==
 
FGR (gene) has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein]].<ref name=pmid8805332>{{cite journal | vauthors = Banin S, Truong O, Katz DR, Waterfield MD, Brickell PM, Gout I | title = Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) is a binding partner for c-Src family protein-tyrosine kinases | journal = Current Biology | volume = 6 | issue = 8 | pages = 981–8 | date = Aug 1996 | pmid = 8805332 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00642-5 }}</ref><ref name=pmid8824280>{{cite journal | vauthors = Finan PM, Soames CJ, Wilson L, Nelson DL, Stewart DM, Truong O, Hsuan JJ, Kellie S | title = Identification of regions of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein responsible for association with selected Src homology 3 domains | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 271 | issue = 42 | pages = 26291–5 | date = Oct 1996 | pmid = 8824280 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.271.42.26291 }}</ref><ref name=pmid7565724>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rivero-Lezcano OM, Marcilla A, Sameshima JH, Robbins KC | title = Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein physically associates with Nck through Src homology 3 domains | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 15 | issue = 10 | pages = 5725–31 | date = Oct 1995 | pmid = 7565724 | pmc = 230823 }}</ref>
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Patel M, Faulkner L, Katz DR, Brickell PM | title = The c-fgr proto-oncogene: expression in Epstein-Barr-virus-infected B lymphocytes and in cells of the myelomonocytic and granulocytic lineages | journal = Pathobiology | volume = 59 | issue = 4 | pages = 289–92 | year = 1991 | pmid = 1652975 | doi = 10.1159/000163665 }}
| citations =
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Resh MD | title = Myristylation and palmitylation of Src family members: the fats of the matter | journal = Cell | volume = 76 | issue = 3 | pages = 411–3 | date = Feb 1994 | pmid = 8313462 | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90104-X }}
*{{cite journal | author=Patel M, Faulkner L, Katz DR, Brickell PM |title=The c-fgr proto-oncogene: expression in Epstein-Barr-virus-infected B lymphocytes and in cells of the myelomonocytic and granulocytic lineages. |journal=Pathobiology |volume=59 |issue= 4 |pages= 289-92 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1652975 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lowell CA, Berton G | title = Integrin signal transduction in myeloid leukocytes | journal = Journal of Leukocyte Biology | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 313–20 | date = Mar 1999 | pmid = 10080533 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Resh MD |title=Myristylation and palmitylation of Src family members: the fats of the matter. |journal=Cell |volume=76 |issue= 3 |pages= 411-3 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8313462 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Snapper SB, Rosen FS | title = The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP): roles in signaling and cytoskeletal organization | journal = Annual Review of Immunology | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 905–29 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10358777 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.905 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lowell CA, Berton G |title=Integrin signal transduction in myeloid leukocytes. |journal=J. Leukoc. Biol. |volume=65 |issue= 3 |pages= 313-20 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10080533 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tatosyan AG, Mizenina OA | title = Kinases of the Src family: structure and functions | journal = Biochemistry. Biokhimiia | volume = 65 | issue = 1 | pages = 49–58 | date = Jan 2000 | pmid = 10702640 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Snapper SB, Rosen FS |title=The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP): roles in signaling and cytoskeletal organization. |journal=Annu. Rev. Immunol. |volume=17 |issue= |pages= 905-29 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10358777 |doi= 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.905 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Patel MS, Mankoo BS, Brickell PM | title = A polymorphic microsatellite repeat is located close to the promoter region of the c-fgr proto-oncogene (FGR) at chromosome 1p36.2-p36.1 | journal = Human Molecular Genetics | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 65 | date = Apr 1992 | pmid = 1339476 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/1.1.65-a }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tatosyan AG, Mizenina OA |title=Kinases of the Src family: structure and functions. |journal=Biochemistry Mosc. |volume=65 |issue= 1 |pages= 49-58 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10702640 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Link DC, Gutkind SJ, Robbins KC, Ley TJ | title = Characterization of the 5' untranslated region of the human c-fgr gene and identification of the major myelomonocytic c-fgr promoter | journal = Oncogene | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | pages = 877–84 | date = May 1992 | pmid = 1373875 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Patel MS, Mankoo BS, Brickell PM |title=A polymorphic microsatellite repeat is located close to the promoter region of the c-fgr proto-oncogene (FGR) at chromosome 1p36.2-p36.1. |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=1 |issue= 1 |pages= 65 |year= 1993 |pmid= 1339476 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Patel M, Leevers SJ, Brickell PM | title = Structure of the complete human c-fgr proto-oncogene and identification of multiple transcriptional start sites | journal = Oncogene | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 201–6 | date = Feb 1990 | pmid = 1690869 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Link DC, Gutkind SJ, Robbins KC, Ley TJ |title=Characterization of the 5' untranslated region of the human c-fgr gene and identification of the major myelomonocytic c-fgr promoter. |journal=Oncogene |volume=7 |issue= 5 |pages= 877-84 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1373875 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Biondi A, Paganin C, Rossi V, Benvestito S, Perlmutter RM, Mantovani A, Allavena P | title = Expression of lineage-restricted protein tyrosine kinase genes in human natural killer cells | journal = European Journal of Immunology | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 843–6 | date = Mar 1991 | pmid = 1826268 | doi = 10.1002/eji.1830210348 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Patel M, Leevers SJ, Brickell PM |title=Structure of the complete human c-fgr proto-oncogene and identification of multiple transcriptional start sites. |journal=Oncogene |volume=5 |issue= 2 |pages= 201-6 |year= 1990 |pmid= 1690869 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Gutkind JS, Link DC, Katamine S, Lacal P, Miki T, Ley TJ, Robbins KC | title = A novel c-fgr exon utilized in Epstein-Barr virus-infected B lymphocytes but not in normal monocytes | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 1500–7 | date = Mar 1991 | pmid = 1847500 | pmc = 369433 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Biondi A, Paganin C, Rossi V, ''et al.'' |title=Expression of lineage-restricted protein tyrosine kinase genes in human natural killer cells. |journal=Eur. J. Immunol. |volume=21 |issue= 3 |pages= 843-6 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1826268 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Patel M, Leevers SJ, Brickell PM | title = Regulation of c-fgr proto-oncogene expression in Epstein-Barr virus infected B-cell lines | journal = International Journal of Cancer | volume = 45 | issue = 2 | pages = 342–6 | date = Feb 1990 | pmid = 2154410 | doi = 10.1002/ijc.2910450222 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gutkind JS, Link DC, Katamine S, ''et al.'' |title=A novel c-fgr exon utilized in Epstein-Barr virus-infected B lymphocytes but not in normal monocytes. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=11 |issue= 3 |pages= 1500-7 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1847500 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Parker RC, Mardon G, Lebo RV, Varmus HE, Bishop JM | title = Isolation of duplicated human c-src genes located on chromosomes 1 and 20 | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 831–8 | date = Apr 1985 | pmid = 2581127 | pmc = 366788 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Patel M, Leevers SJ, Brickell PM |title=Regulation of c-fgr proto-oncogene expression in Epstein-Barr virus infected B-cell lines. |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=45 |issue= 2 |pages= 342-6 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2154410 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Brickell PM, Patel M | title = Structure and expression of c-fgr protooncogene mRNA in Epstein-Barr virus converted cell lines | journal = British Journal of Cancer | volume = 58 | issue = 6 | pages = 704–9 | date = Dec 1988 | pmid = 2852026 | pmc = 2246855 | doi = 10.1038/bjc.1988.294 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Parker RC, Mardon G, Lebo RV, ''et al.'' |title=Isolation of duplicated human c-src genes located on chromosomes 1 and 20. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=5 |issue= 4 |pages= 831-8 |year= 1985 |pmid= 2581127 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tronick SR, Popescu NC, Cheah MS, Swan DC, Amsbaugh SC, Lengel CR, DiPaolo JA, Robbins KC | title = Isolation and chromosomal localization of the human fgr protooncogene, a distinct member of the tyrosine kinase gene family | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 82 | issue = 19 | pages = 6595–9 | date = Oct 1985 | pmid = 2995972 | pmc = 391256 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.82.19.6595 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Brickell PM, Patel M |title=Structure and expression of c-fgr protooncogene mRNA in Epstein-Barr virus converted cell lines. |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=58 |issue= 6 |pages= 704-9 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2852026 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Cheah MS, Ley TJ, Tronick SR, Robbins KC | title = fgr proto-oncogene mRNA induced in B lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus infection | journal = Nature | volume = 319 | issue = 6050 | pages = 238–40 | year = 1986 | pmid = 3003578 | doi = 10.1038/319238a0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tronick SR, Popescu NC, Cheah MS, ''et al.'' |title=Isolation and chromosomal localization of the human fgr protooncogene, a distinct member of the tyrosine kinase gene family. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=82 |issue= 19 |pages= 6595-9 |year= 1985 |pmid= 2995972 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Nishizawa M, Semba K, Yoshida MC, Yamamoto T, Sasaki M, Toyoshima K | title = Structure, expression, and chromosomal location of the human c-fgr gene | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 511–7 | date = Feb 1986 | pmid = 3023853 | pmc = 367540 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Cheah MS, Ley TJ, Tronick SR, Robbins KC |title=fgr proto-oncogene mRNA induced in B lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus infection. |journal=Nature |volume=319 |issue= 6050 |pages= 238-40 |year= 1986 |pmid= 3003578 |doi= 10.1038/319238a0 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Katamine S, Notario V, Rao CD, Miki T, Cheah MS, Tronick SR, Robbins KC | title = Primary structure of the human fgr proto-oncogene product p55c-fgr | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 259–66 | date = Jan 1988 | pmid = 3275868 | pmc = 363113 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Nishizawa M, Semba K, Yoshida MC, ''et al.'' |title=Structure, expression, and chromosomal location of the human c-fgr gene. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=6 |issue= 2 |pages= 511-7 |year= 1987 |pmid= 3023853 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Inoue K, Ikawa S, Semba K, Sukegawa J, Yamamoto T, Toyoshima K | title = Isolation and sequencing of cDNA clones homologous to the v-fgr oncogene from a human B lymphocyte cell line, IM-9 | journal = Oncogene | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 301–4 | year = 1988 | pmid = 3330776 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Katamine S, Notario V, Rao CD, ''et al.'' |title=Primary structure of the human fgr proto-oncogene product p55c-fgr. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=8 |issue= 1 |pages= 259-66 |year= 1988 |pmid= 3275868 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Nishizawa M, Semba K, Yamamoto T, Toyoshima K | title = Human c-f gr gene does not contain coding sequence for actin-like protein | journal = Japanese Journal of Cancer Research | volume = 76 | issue = 3 | pages = 155–9 | date = Mar 1985 | pmid = 3922831 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Inoue K, Ikawa S, Semba K, ''et al.'' |title=Isolation and sequencing of cDNA clones homologous to the v-fgr oncogene from a human B lymphocyte cell line, IM-9. |journal=Oncogene |volume=1 |issue= 3 |pages= 301-4 |year= 1988 |pmid= 3330776 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Nishizawa M, Semba K, Yamamoto T, Toyoshima K |title=Human c-f gr gene does not contain coding sequence for actin-like protein. |journal=Jpn. J. Cancer Res. |volume=76 |issue= 3 |pages= 155-9 |year= 1985 |pmid= 3922831 |doi=  }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{protein-stub}}
{{Tyrosine kinases}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
{{Enzymes}}
{{Portal bar|Molecular and Cellular Biology|border=no}}
 
[[Category:Tyrosine kinases]]
 
 
{{gene-1-stub}}

Latest revision as of 00:15, 4 November 2018

VALUE_ERROR (nil)
Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

n/a

n/a

RefSeq (protein)

n/a

n/a

Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Gardner-Rasheed feline sarcoma viral (v-fgr) oncogene homolog, also known as FGR, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FGR gene.[1][2]

Function

This gene is a member of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). The encoded protein contains N-terminal sites for myristoylation and palmitoylation, a PTK domain, and SH2 and SH3 domains which are involved in mediating protein-protein interactions with phosphotyrosine-containing and proline-rich motifs, respectively. The protein localizes to plasma membrane ruffles, and functions as a negative regulator of cell migration and adhesion triggered by the beta-2 integrin signal transduction pathway. Infection with Epstein-Barr virus results in the overexpression of this gene. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified.[2]

Discovery

The feline version of this gene was discovered by Suraiya Rasheed, Murray Gardner, and co-workers.[3]

Interactions

FGR (gene) has been shown to interact with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein.[4][5][6]

References

  1. Tronick SR, Popescu NC, Cheah MS, Swan DC, Amsbaugh SC, Lengel CR, DiPaolo JA, Robbins KC (Oct 1985). "of Sciences of the United States of America". 82 (19): 6595–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.19.6595. PMC 391256. PMID 2995972.
  2. 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: FGR Gardner-Rasheed feline sarcoma viral (v-fgr) oncogene homolog".
  3. Rasheed S, Barbacid M, Aaronson S, Gardner MB (Feb 1982). "Origin and biological properties of a new feline sarcoma virus". Virology. 117 (1): 238–44. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(82)90522-0. PMID 6175084.
  4. Banin S, Truong O, Katz DR, Waterfield MD, Brickell PM, Gout I (Aug 1996). "Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) is a binding partner for c-Src family protein-tyrosine kinases". Current Biology. 6 (8): 981–8. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00642-5. PMID 8805332.
  5. Finan PM, Soames CJ, Wilson L, Nelson DL, Stewart DM, Truong O, Hsuan JJ, Kellie S (Oct 1996). "Identification of regions of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein responsible for association with selected Src homology 3 domains". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (42): 26291–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.42.26291. PMID 8824280.
  6. Rivero-Lezcano OM, Marcilla A, Sameshima JH, Robbins KC (Oct 1995). "Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein physically associates with Nck through Src homology 3 domains". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 15 (10): 5725–31. PMC 230823. PMID 7565724.

Further reading