Eye neoplasm
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Eye Neoplasm Microchapters |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Roukoz A. Karam, M.D.[2]
Synonyms and keywords: Eye neoplasm; eye cancer
Overview
Ocular oncology is the branch of medicine dealing with tumors relating to the eye and its adnexa. Cancer of the eye is very rare; however, the most common neoplasm of the eye is ocular melanoma. Eye cancer can affect all parts of the eye.
Classification
- The most common intraocular cancer in adults is uveal metastases
- Melanoma is the most common type of primary intraocular cancer in adults
- Uveal melanoma
- Can occur in the choroid, iris and ciliary body
- Intraocular lymphoma is lymphoma that begins in the eyeball
- consider intraocular lymphoma to be a type of central nervous system lymphoma. Most intraocular lymphomas are non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
- Retinoblastoma is a rare form of childhood eye cancer.
- Hemangioma is a benign tumor of the choroid and retina that starts in the blood vessels.
- Conjunctival melanoma is a tumor of the conjunctiva
- Eyelid carcinoma (basal or squamous cell) is a variation of skin cancer.
- Lacrimal gland tumor is a benign or malignant tumor of the glands that produce tears
- Tumors in the eye and orbit can be
- Benign like dermoid cysts, or
- Malignant like rhabdomyosarcoma and retinoblastoma
- Most common eyelid tumor is basal cell carcinoma
- Can grow around the eye but rarely spreads to other parts of the body
- Other common eyelid cancers are squamous carcinoma, sebaceous carcinoma and malignant melanoma
- Most common malignant intraocular tumor in children is retinoblastoma
- Affecting approximately 325 children per year in North America
- Early detection has allowed for cures exceeding 95%
Choroidal tumors
- Choroidal hemangioma
- Choroidal melanoma
- Choroidal metastasis
- Choroidal nevus
- Choroidal osteoma
- Ciliary body melanoma
- The nevus of Ota
Conjunctival tumors
- Conjunctival Kaposi's sarcoma
- Epibulbar dermoid
- Lymphoma of the conjunctiva
- Squamous carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the conjunctiva
Risk Factors
Risk factors that increase the chance of suffering from cancer of the eye include:
- Exposure to sun or tanning beds
- Increase risk of eyelid carcinomas or melanomas
- Exposure to certain viruses
- Human papilloma virus may increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of conjunctiva
Diagnosis
- Melanomas (choroidal, ciliary body and uveal) - In the early stages there may be no symptoms (the person does not know there is a tumor until an ophthalmologist or optometrist looks into the eye with an ophthalmoscope during a routine test). As the tumor grows, symptoms can be blurred vision, decreased vision, double vision, eventual vision loss and if they continue to grow the tumor can break past the retina causing retinal detachment. Sometimes the tumor can be visible through the pupil.
- Nevus - Are benign, freckle in the eye. These should be checked out and regular checks on the eye done to ensure it hasn't turned into a melanoma.
- Iris and conjuctival tumors (melanomas) - Presents as a dark spot. Any spot which continues to grow on the iris and the conjunctiva should be checked out.
- Retinoblastoma - Strabismus (crossed eyes), a whitish or yellowish glow through the pupil, decreasing/loss of vision, sometimes the eye may be red and painful. Retinoblastoma can occur in one or both eyes. This tumor occurs in babies and young children. It is called RB for short. Check photographs, normal healthy eyes would have the red eye reflex, but a white/yellow dot instead of the red eye reflex can indicate a tumor or some other kind of eye disease. Any photos of a child/children which have a white/yellow dot instead of the red eye reflex should be checked out.
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