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[[Image:watervapor_cup.jpg|thumb|right|Water vapor that has evaporated from hot tea condenses into visible droplets. Gaseous water is invisible, but the clouds of water droplets are evidence of evaporation followed by condensation.]]<br />
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Evaporation is the process by which molecules in a liquid state (e.g. water) spontaneously become gaseous (e.g. water vapor). It is the opposite of [[condensation]]. Generally, evaporation can be seen by the gradual disappearance of a liquid, when exposed to a significant volume of gas.<br />
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On average, the molecules do not have enough energy to escape from the liquid, or else the liquid would turn into vapor quickly. When the molecules collide, they transfer energy to each other in varying degrees, based on how they collide. Sometimes the transfer is so one-sided that one of the molecules ends up with enough energy to be considered past the boiling point of the liquid. If this happens near the surface of the liquid it may actually fly off into the gas and thus "evaporate".<br />
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Liquids that do not appear to evaporate visibly at a given temperature in a given gas (e.g. cooking oil at room temperature) have molecules that do not tend to transfer energy to each other in a pattern sufficient to frequently give a molecule the "escape velocity" - the heat energy - necessary to turn into vapor. However, these liquids ''are'' evaporating, it's just that the process is much slower and thus significantly less visible.<br />
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Evaporation is an essential part of the [[water cycle]]. [[Solar energy]] drives evaporation of water from [[ocean]]s, [[lake]]s, [[soil moisture|moisture]] in the soil, and other sources of water. In [[hydrology]], evaporation and [[transpiration]] (which involves evaporation within [[plant]] [[stomata]]) are collectively termed [[evapotranspiration]].<br />
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== Theory ==<br />
{{see also|Kinetic theory}}<br />
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For [[molecule]]s of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, be moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient [[kinetic energy]] to overcome liquid-phase intermolecular forces.<ref name="Silberberg">{{cite book |first=Martin A. |last=Silberberg |title=Chemistry |edition=4th edition |pages=431–434 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |year=2006 |isbn=0-07-296439-1}}</ref> Only a small proportion of the molecules meet these criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher temperature. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid thus decreases. This phenomenon is also called evaporative cooling. This is why evaporating [[sweat]] cools the human body.<br />
Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with higher vapor pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes line will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a still day.Three key parts to evaporation are heat, humidity and air movement. <br />
=== Evaporative equilibrium ===<br />
[[Image:Water vapor pressure graph.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Vapor pressure of water vs. temperature. 760&nbsp;[[Torr]] = 1&nbsp;[[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]].]]<br />
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If the evaporation takes place in a closed vessel, the escaping molecules accumulate as a [[vapor]] above the liquid. Many of the molecules return to the liquid, with returning molecules becoming more frequent as the [[density]] and [[pressure]] of the vapor increases. When the process of escape and return reaches an [[Thermodynamic equilibrium|equilibrium]],<ref name="Silberberg"/> the vapor is said to be "saturated," and no further change in either vapor pressure and density or liquid temperature will occur. For a system consisting of vapor and liquid of a pure substance, this equilibrium state is directly related to the [[vapor pressure]] of the substance, as given by the [[Clausius-Clapeyron relation]]:<br />
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: <math>\ln \left( \frac{ P_2 }{ P_1 } \right) = - \frac{ \Delta H_{ vap } }{ R } \left( \frac{ 1 }{ T_2 } - \frac{ 1 }{ T_1 } \right)</math><br />
<!-- ## Original Equation ## ## DO NOT DELETE UNLESS THE ABOVE EQUATION IS VERIFIED TO BE CORRECT ## [[Natural logarithm|ln]] P<sub>2</sub>/P<sub>1</sub> = −[[standard enthalpy change of vaporization|ΔH<sub>vap</sub>]]/[[Universal gas constant|R]]((1/T<sub>2</sub>)-(1/T<sub>1</sub>)) --><br />
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where P<sub>1</sub>, P<sub>2</sub> are the vapor pressures at temperatures T<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>2</sub> respectively, ΔH<sub>vap</sub> is the [[enthalpy of vaporization]], and R is the [[universal gas constant]]. The rate of evaporation in an open system is related to the vapor pressure found in a closed system. If a liquid is heated, when the vapor pressure reaches the ambient pressure the liquid will [[boiling|boil]].<br />
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The ability for a molecule of a liquid to evaporate is largely based on the amount of [[kinetic energy]] an individual particle may possess. Even at lower temperatures, individual molecules of a liquid can potentially evaporate if they have more than the minimum amount of kinetic energy required for vaporization!<br />
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==Factors influencing the rate of evaporation== <br />
*[[Concentration]] of the substance evaporating in the air: If the air already has a high concentration of the substance evaporating, then the given substance will evaporate more slowly.<br />
*Concentration of other substances in the air: If the air is already saturated with other substances, it can have a lower capacity for the substance evaporating. <br />
*Flow rate of air: This is in part related to the concentration points above. If fresh air is moving over the substance all the time, then the concentration of the substance in the air is less likely to go up with time, thus encouraging faster evaporation. This is result of the [[boundary layer]] at the evaporation surface decreasing with flow velocity, decreasing the diffusion distance in the stagnant layer.<br />
*Concentration of other substances in the liquid: If the liquid contains other substances, it will have a lower capacity for evaporation.<br />
*Temperature of the substance: If the substance is hotter, then evaporation will be faster.<br />
*Inter-molecular forces: The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in the liquid state the more energy that must be input in order to evaporate them.<br />
*[[Surface Area]]: A substance which has a larger surface area will evaporate faster as there are more surface molecules which are able to escape.<br />
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==Applications==<br />
When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though the ambient temperature is below the boiling point of water, water evaporates. This is accelerated by factors such as low humidity, heat (from the sun), and wind. In a [[clothes dryer]] hot air is blown through the clothes, allowing water to evaporate very rapidly.<br />
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===Combustion vaporization=== <br />
Fuel [[droplet]]s vaporize as they receive heat by mixing with the hot gases in the combustion chamber. Heat (energy) can also be received by radiation from any hot refractory wall of the combustion chamber.<br />
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===Film deposition===<br />
{{main|Evaporation (deposition)}}<br />
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[[Thin film]]s may be [[Thin-film deposition|deposited]] by evaporating a substance and condensing it onto a substrate.<br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Atmometer]] (evaporimeter)<br />
*[[Crystallisation]]<br />
*[[Desalination]]<br />
*[[Distillation]]<br />
*[[Drying]]<br />
*[[Evaporator]]<br />
*[[Evapotranspiration]]<br />
*[[Flash evaporation]]<br />
*[[Heat of vaporization]]<br />
*[[Latent heat]]<br />
*[[Pan evaporation]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite book |title=Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology |first=Simon Min |last=Sze |isbn=0-471-33372-7}} Has an especially detailed discussion of film deposition by evaporation.<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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== External links==<br />
*[http://www.grow.arizona.edu/Grow--GrowResources.php?ResourceId=208 Evaporation of water]<br />
*[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574279/Evaporation.html MSN Encarta article on evaporation]<br />
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:{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
<tr bgcolor="#eeeeee" align = "center"><td>'''From'''</td><td colspan=4> '''To''' </td></tr><br />
|-<br />
!align = "center"|<br />
!align = "center"|[[Solid]]<br />
!align ="center"|[[Liquid]]<br />
!align ="center"|[[Gas]]<br />
!align ="center"|[[Plasma (physics)|Plasma]]<br />
|-<br />
!align ="left"|Solid<br />
|align ="center"|Solid-Solid Transformation<br />
|align ="center"|[[Melting]]<br />
|align ="center"|[[Sublimation (chemistry)|Sublimation]]<br />
|align ="center"|-<br />
|-<br />
!align ="left"|Liquid<br />
|align ="center"|[[Freezing]]<br />
|align ="center"|N/A<br />
|align ="center"|[[Boiling]]/[[Evaporation]]<br />
|align ="center"|-<br />
|-<br />
!align ="left"|Gas<br />
|align ="center"|[[Deposition (physics)|Deposition]]<br />
|align ="center"|[[Condensation]]<br />
|align ="center"|N/A<br />
|align ="center"|[[Ionization]]<br />
|-<br />
!align ="left"|Plasma<br />
|align ="center"|-<br />
|align ="center"|-<br />
|align ="center"|Recombination/Deionization<br />
|align ="center"|N/A<br />
|}<br />
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[[Category:Phase changes]]<br />
[[Category:Atmospheric thermodynamics]]<br />
[[Category:Materials science]]<br />
[[Category:Thin film deposition]]<br />
<br />
[[af:Verdamping]]<br />
[[ar:تبخر]]<br />
[[bs:Isparavanje]]<br />
[[ca:Evaporació]]<br />
[[cs:Vypařování]]<br />
[[da:Evaporation]]<br />
[[de:Verdunstung]]<br />
[[es:Evaporación (proceso físico)]]<br />
[[et:Aurumine]]<br />
[[el:Εξάτμιση]]<br />
[[eo:Vaporado]]<br />
[[fa:تبخیر]]<br />
[[fr:Évaporation]]<br />
[[ko:증발]]<br />
[[id:Penguapan]]<br />
[[it:Evaporazione]]<br />
[[he:התאיידות]]<br />
[[sw:Uvukizaji]]<br />
[[lt:Garavimas]]<br />
[[nl:Verdamping]]<br />
[[ja:蒸発]]<br />
[[no:Fordampning]]<br />
[[nn:Fordamping]]<br />
[[pl:Parowanie]]<br />
[[pt:Evaporação]]<br />
[[ro:Evaporare]]<br />
[[ru:Испарение]]<br />
[[simple:Evaporation]]<br />
[[sk:Vyparovanie]]<br />
[[sl:Izhlapevanje]]<br />
[[fi:Haihtuminen]]<br />
[[sv:Avdunstning]]<br />
[[zh:蒸发]]<br />
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