Epiglottitis medical therapy

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alonso Alvarado, M.D. [2]

Overview

Epiglottitis is a medical emergency and warrants immediate establishment of a patent airway. Once the airway has been secured, cultures of blood and epiglottic surface should be obtained before administration of antimicrobial therapy. An appropriate antibiotic regimen that covers Streptococcus pneumoniae, beta-hemolytic streptococci, and Staphylococcus aureus includes parenteral Cefotaxime or Ceftriaxone in combination with Vancomycin (or Levofloxacin in combination with Clindamycin for Penicillin-allergic patients). Adjuvant therapy is commonly used in the management of stridor associated with acute epiglottitis. Adjuvant therapy includes corticosteroids and racemic Epinephrine.

Principles of Therapy for Acute Epiglottitis

Antibiotic Therapy

  • The optimal duration of antimicrobial therapy is yet to be determined. Acute epiglottitis usually responds to a 7– to 10–day course of intravenous antibiotics.

Adjuvant Therapy

  • Although adjuvant corticosteroids and racemic epinephrine are commonly used in the management of stridor associated with acute epiglottitis, neither of them were proved effective in reducing the need of airway intervention or shortening the hospitalization.[4]

Antimicrobial Regimens

  • Epiglottitis[5]
  • 1. Empiric antimicrobial therapy
  • 1.1 Pediatrics
  • 1.2 Adults
  • 2. Pathogen-directed antimicrobial therapy
  • 2.1 Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • 2.2 Streptococcus pyogenes
  • 2.3 Streptococcus agalactiae
  • 2.4 Streptococcus anginosus
  • 2.5 Staphylococcus aureus
  • 2.6 Haemophilus influenzae
  • 2.7 Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • 2.8 Moraxella catarrhalis
  • 2.9 Neisseria spp.
  • 2.10 Pasteurella multocida
  • 2.11 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • 2.12 Candida albicans

Pathogen-Based Therapy

Click on the following categories to expand treatment regimens.

Bacteria

  ▸  Streptococcus pneumoniae

  ▸  Streptococcus pyogenes

  ▸  Streptococcus agalactiae

  ▸  Streptococcus anginosus

  ▸  Staphylococcus aureus

  ▸  Haemophilus influenzae

  ▸  Klebsiella pneumoniae

  ▸  Moraxella catarrhalis

  ▸  Neisseria spp.

  ▸  Pasteurella multocida

  ▸  Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Fungi

  ▸  Candida albicans

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Preferred Regimen (susceptible to penicillin)
Penicillin G 2 million units IV q4h
OR
Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h
OR
Clindamycin 600 mg IV q6h
Alternative Regimen (penicillin resistant strains)
Moxifloxacin 400 mg IV q24h
OR
Levofloxacin 750 mg IV q24h
OR
Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h
OR
Linezolid 600 mg IV q12h
OR
Ceftaroline 600 mg IV q12h
Streptococcus pyogenes
Preferred Regimen (susceptible to penicillin)
Penicillin G 1,2 million units IV 1 dose
THEN
Penicillin VK 500 mg PO q12h
OR
Amoxicillin 500 mg PO q12h
Alternative Regimen (penicillin resistant strains)
Clindamycin 300 mg PO q8h
OR
Azithromycin 500 mg PO q24h
OR
Cephalexin 500 mg PO q12h
Streptococcus agalactiae
Preferred Regimen (susceptible to penicillin)
Penicillin G 2 million units IV q4h
Alternative Regimen (penicillin resistant strains)
Vancomycin 20 mg/kg IV q8h
OR
Clindamycin 600 mg IV q6h
Streptococcus anginosus
Preferred Regimen (susceptible to penicillin)
Penicillin G 4 million units IV q4h
OR
Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h
Alternative Regimen (penicillin resistant strains)
Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h
OR
Clindamycin 600 mg IV q6h
Meticillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus
Preferred Regimen
Nafcillin 2 g IV q4-6h
OR
Oxacillin 2 mg IV q4-6h
OR
Cefazolin 2 g IV q8h
OR
Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q8h
Alternative Regimen
Dicloxacillin 500 mg PO q6h
OR
Cephalexin 500 mg PO q6h
OR
Clindamycin 300 mg PO q6h
OR
Clindamycin 300 mg PO q8h
OR
TMP/SMZ 160/800 mg PO q12h
Meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Preferred Regimen
Vancomycin 15-20 mg/kg IV q8-12h
OR
Daptomycin 4-6 mg/kg IV q24h
OR
Linezolid 600 mg IV q12h
Alternative Regimen (Vancomycin intermediate susceptibility)
Linezolid 600 mg/kg IV q12h
OR
Daptomycin 4-6 mg/kg IV q24h
OR
Ceftaroline 600 mg IV q8h
Alternative Regimen (Vancomycin resistance)
Teicoplanin 6 mg/kg IV q12h (total of three doses), 6 mg/kg IV q24h
OR
Telavancin 10 mg/kg q24h (1 hour infusion)
OR
Linezolid 600 mg/kg IV q12h
OR
Daptomycin 4-6 mg/kg IV q24h
Haemophilus influenzae
Preferred Regimen
Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q12h
OR
Cefotaxime 2 g IV q8h
Alternative Regimen
Levofloxacin 750 mg IV q24h
OR
Moxifloxacin 400 mg IV q8h
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Preferred Regimen
Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q12h
OR
Cefotaxime 2 g IV q8h
OR
Levofloxacin 750 mg IV q24h
Alternative Regimen
Imipenem 500 mg IV q6h
OR
Meropenem 1 g IV q8h
OR
Ertapenem 1 g IV q24h
Moraxella catrrhalis
Preferred Regimen
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 850/125 mg PO q24h
Alternative Regimen
Azithromycin 500 mg PO q24h one day, then 250 mg PO q24h
OR
TMP/SMZ 5 mg/kg IV q6—12h (TMP component)
Neisseria meningitidis
Preferred Regimen
Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q12h
OR
Cefotaxime 2 g IV q6h
Alternative Regimen
Penicillin G 4 million units IV q4h
OR
Chloramphenicol 100 mg/kg/day q6h, not exceed 4 g
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Preferred Regimen
Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM single dose
Alternative Regimen
Azithromycin 2 g PO single dose
Pasteurella maltocida
Preferred Regimen
Penicillin VK 500 mg PO q12h
OR
Amoxicillin 500 mg PO q8h
OR
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 850/125 mg PO q12h
Alternative Regimen
Cefuroxime 500 mg PO q12h
OR
Levofloxacin 750 mg PO q24h
OR
Moxifloxacin 400 mg PO q24h
OR
Doxycycline 100 mg PO q12h
OR
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 850/125 mg PO q12h
Pseudomonas spp
Preferred Regimen
Ceftazidime 2 g IV q8h
OR
Cefepime 2 g IV q8h
PLUS
Levofloxacin 750 mg IV q24h
OR
Moxifloxacin 400 mg PO q24h
Alternative Regimen (combination of)
Candida albicans
Preferred Regimen
Fluconazole 200 mg IV q24h for 14 days
OR
Fluconazole 200 mg PO q24h for 14 days
PLUS
Nystatin oral suspension PO q6h for 14 days
Alternative Regimen (combination of)
Itraconazole solution 200 mg PO q24h for 14 days
OR
Amphotericin B 0.3 mg/kg PO q12h 3 days, then q24h for 14 days
OR
Caspofungin PO q6h for 14 days


References

  1. Kessler A, Wetmore RF, Marsh RR (1993). "Childhood epiglottitis in recent years". Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 25 (1–3): 155–62. PMID 8436460.
  2. Alcaide ML, Bisno AL (2007). "Pharyngitis and epiglottitis". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 21 (2): 449–69, vii. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2007.03.001. PMID 17561078.
  3. Loftis L (2006). "Acute infectious upper airway obstructions in children". Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 17 (1): 5–10. doi:10.1053/j.spid.2005.11.003. PMID 16522499.
  4. Frantz TD, Rasgon BM, Quesenberry CP (1994). "Acute epiglottitis in adults. Analysis of 129 cases". JAMA. 272 (17): 1358–60. PMID 7933397.
  5. Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.