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| {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{FB}} | | {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{FB}} |
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| ==Overview==
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| '''Eosinophilic gastroenteritis''' (EG) is a rare disorder characterized by localized patchy or diffuse [[eosinophilic]] infiltration of the [[gastrointestinal]] (GI) tissue. The presentation may vary depending on the location, depth and extent of bowel wall involvement. It usually runs a chronic relapsing course.<ref name="klein">{{cite journal| author=Klein NC, Hargrove RL, Sleisenger MH, Jeffries GH| title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 1970 | volume= 49 | issue= 4 | pages= 299-319 | pmid=5426746 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5426746 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17428742">{{cite journal| author=Treiber GG, Weidner S| title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis. | journal=Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol | year= 2007 | volume= 5 | issue= 5 | pages= e16 | pmid=17428742 | doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2007.01.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17428742 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12185230">{{cite journal| author=Christopher V, Thompson MH, Hughes S| title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis mimicking pancreatic cancer. | journal=Postgrad Med J | year= 2002 | volume= 78 | issue= 922 | pages= 498-9 | pmid=12185230 | doi= | pmc=1742453 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12185230 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12757181">{{cite journal| author=Jimenez-Saenz M, Villar-Rodriguez JL, Torres Y, Carmona I, Salas-Herrero E, Gonzalez-Vilches J et al.| title=Biliary tract disease: a rare manifestation of eosinophilic gastroenteritis. | journal=Dig Dis Sci | year= 2003 | volume= 48 | issue= 3 | pages= 624-7 | pmid=12757181 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12757181 }} </ref>
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| ==Historical Perspective==
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| It was first described by Kaijser in 1937.<ref name="pmid15028974">{{cite journal| author=Whitaker IS, Gulati A, McDaid JO, Bugajska-Carr U, Arends MJ| title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis presenting as obstructive jaundice. | journal=Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol | year= 2004 | volume= 16 | issue= 4 | pages= 407-9 | pmid=15028974 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15028974 }} </ref><ref name="baig">{{cite journal| author=Whitaker IS, Gulati A, McDaid JO, Bugajska-Carr U, Arends MJ| title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis presenting as obstructive jaundice. | journal=Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol | year= 2004 | volume= 16 | issue= 4 | pages= 407-9 | pmid=15028974 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15028974 }} </ref>
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| ==Classification==
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| Eosinophilic gastroenteritis can be subdivided into three groups according to the Klein classification:<ref name="talley">{{cite journal| author=Talley NJ, Shorter RG, Phillips SF, Zinsmeister AR| title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: a clinicopathological study of patients with disease of the mucosa, muscle layer, and subserosal tissues. | journal=Gut | year= 1990 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 54-8 | pmid= 2318432 | doi= | pmc=1378340 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2318432 }} </ref><ref name="baig">{{cite journal| author=Baig MA, Qadir A, Rasheed J| title=A review of eosinophilic gastroenteritis. | journal=J Natl Med Assoc | year= 2006 | volume= 98 | issue= 10 | pages= 1616-9 | pmid=17052051 | doi= | pmc=2569760 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17052051 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8420276">{{cite journal| author=Lee CM, Changchien CS, Chen PC, Lin DY, Sheen IS, Wang CS et al.| title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: 10 years experience. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 1993 | volume= 88 | issue= 1 | pages= 70-4 | pmid=8420276 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8420276 }} </ref>
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| * Mucosal
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| * Muscular
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| * Subserosal
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| ==Risk Factors==
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| * Allergy: A study conducted in 40 patients with eosinophilic gastroenteritis demonstrated a history of allergy in half of the patients.<ref name="talley"/>
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| ==Pathophysiology==
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| The damage to the [[gastrointestinal tract]] wall is caused by eosinophilic [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]] and [[degranulation]].<ref name="pmid 11338074">{{cite journal| author=Tan AC, Kruimel JW, Naber TH| title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis treated with non-enteric-coated budesonide tablets. | journal=Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol | year= 2001 | volume= 13 | issue= 4 | pages= 425-7 | pmid= 11338074 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11338074 }} </ref> As a part of [[Immune system|host defense]] mechanism, [[eosinophil]] is normally present in gastrointestinal [[mucosa]], though finding in deeper [[tissue]] is almost always [[Pathology (disambiguation)|pathologic]].<ref name="pmid 2869055">{{cite journal| author=Blackshaw AJ, Levison DA| title=Eosinophilic infiltrates of the gastrointestinal tract. | journal=J Clin Pathol | year= 1986 | volume= 39 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-7 | pmid= 2869055 | doi= | pmc=499605 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2869055 }} </ref> What triggers such dense infiltration in EG is not clear. It is possible that different [[pathogenesis|pathogenetic]] mechanisms of disease is involved in several subgroups of patients. Food [[allergy]] and variable [[IgE]] response to food substances has been observed in some patients which implies role of [[Hypersensitivity|hypersensitive]] response in pathogenesis. Many patients indeed have history of other [[atopy|atopic]] conditions like [[eczema]], [[asthma]] etc. Eosinophil recruitment into inflammatory tissue is a complex process, regulated by a number of [[inflammatory]] [[cytokines]]. In EG [[cytokines]] [[IL-3]], [[IL-5]] and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor ([[GM-CSF]]) may be behind the recruitement and activation. They have been observed [[immunohistochemistry|immunohistochemically]] in diseased intestinal wall.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Desreumaux P, Bloget F, Seguy D, Capron M, Cortot A, Colombel J, Janin A |title=Interleukin 3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin 5 in eosinophilic gastroenteritis |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=768-74 |year=1996 |pmid=8608886}}</ref> In addition [[CCL11|eotaxin]] has been shown to have an integral role in regulating the homing of eosinophils into the [[lamina propria]] of stomach and small intestine.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mishra A, Hogan S, Brandt E, Rothenberg M |title=An etiological role for aeroallergens and eosinophils in experimental esophagitis |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=83-90 |year=2001 |pmid=11134183}}</ref> In the allergic subtype of disease, it is thought that food [[allergens]] cross the intestinal mucosa and trigger an inflammatory response that includes [[mast cell]] degranulation and recruitment of eosinophils.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pérez-Millán A, Martín-Lorente J, López-Morante A, Yuguero L, Sáez-Royuela F |title=Subserosal eosinophilic gastroenteritis treated efficaciously with sodium cromoglycate |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=342-4 |year=1997 |pmid=9052516}}</ref>
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| ==Causes==
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| The cause of eosinophilic gastroenteritis is unknown.<ref name="baig">{{cite journal| author=Baig MA, Qadir A, Rasheed J| title=A review of eosinophilic gastroenteritis. | journal=J Natl Med Assoc | year= 2006 | volume= 98 | issue= 10 | pages= 1616-9 | pmid=17052051 | doi= | pmc=2569760 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17052051 }} </ref>
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| ==Differentiating {{PAGENAME}} from Other Diseases==
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| ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
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| ===Incidence===
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| The incidence rate differs between studies, as eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a rare disease.<ref name="baig"/> The number of reported cases of EG are small, with approximately 300 EG cases reported in published literature. Serous membrane|Subserosal]] EG has an incidence rate of 4.5 % to 9 % in Japan, and 13 % in the USA.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Miyamoto T, Shibata T, Matsuura S, Kagesawa M, Ishizawa Y, Tamiya K |title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis with ileus and ascites |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=35 |issue=10 |pages=779-82 |year=1996 |pmid=8933185}})</ref>
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| ===Age===
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| EG can present at any age.<ref name="baig">{{cite journal| author=Baig MA, Qadir A, Rasheed J| title=A review of eosinophilic gastroenteritis. | journal=J Natl Med Assoc | year= 2006 | volume= 98 | issue= 10 | pages= 1616-9 | pmid=17052051 | doi= | pmc=2569760 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17052051 }} </ref> Earlier studies showed a higher incidence in the third to fifth decade of life.<ref name="klein"/>
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| ===Sex===
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| There is a slightly higher incidence in males.<ref>{{cite book | last = Guandalini | first = Stefano | title = Essential Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition | publisher = McGraw-Hill Professional | location = City | year = 2004 | isbn = 0071416307 }} Page 210.</ref>
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| ===Race===
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| Eosinophilic gastroenteritis has been documented in all races.<ref>{{cite book | last = Guandalini | first = Stefano | title = Essential Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition | publisher = McGraw-Hill Professional | location = City | year = 2004 | isbn = 0071416307 }} Page 210.</ref>
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| ==Risk Factors==
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| ==Screening==
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| ==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
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| ===Natural History===
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| ===Complications===
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| ===Prognosis===
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| ==Diagnosis==
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| ===Diagnostic Criteria===
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| [[Image:CT gastroent.jpg|left|thumb|Spiral CT showing ascites and concentric thickening of colon and ileum in EG]]
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| Talley et al.<ref name="talley">{{cite journal |author=Talley N, Shorter R, Phillips S, Zinsmeister A |title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: a clinicopathological study of patients with disease of the mucosa, muscle layer, and subserosal tissues |journal=Gut |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=54-8 |year=1990 |pmid=2318432}}</ref> suggested 3 diagnostic criteria which is still widely used:
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| #the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms,
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| #[[histology|histological]] demonstration of eosinophilic infiltration in one or more areas of the gastrointestinal tract or presence of high eosinophil count in [[ascitic]] fluid (latter usually indicates subserosal variety),
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| #no evidence of parasitic or extraintestinal disease.
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|
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| [[Hypereosinophilia]], the hallmark of allergic response, may be absent in up to 20% of patients, but [[hypoalbuminaemia]] and other abnormalities suggestive of malabsorption may be present.
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|
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| [[CT scan]] may show nodular and irregular thickening of the folds in the distal stomach and proximal small bowel, but these findings can also be present in other conditions like [[Crohn's disease]] and [[lymphoma]].
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| The [[endoscopic]] appearance in eosinophilic gastroenteritis is nonspecific; it includes erythematous, friable, nodular, and occasional ulcerative changes.<ref name="chen">{{cite journal| author=Chen MJ, Chu CH, Lin SC, Shih SC, Wang TE| title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: clinical experience with 15 patients. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2003 | volume= 9 | issue= 12 | pages= 2813-6 | pmid=14669340 | doi= | pmc=4612059 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14669340 }} </ref> Sometimes diffuse inflammation results in complete loss of [[villi]], involvement of multiple layers, [[submucosal]] [[oedema]] and [[fibrosis]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Johnstone J, Morson B |title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis |journal=Histopathology |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=335-48 |year=1978 |pmid=363591}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Katz A, Goldman H, Grand R |title=Gastric mucosal biopsy in eosinophilic (allergic) gastroenteritis |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=73 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=705-9 |year=1977 |pmid=892374}}</ref>
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|
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| Definitive diagnosis involves [[histology|histological]] evidence of eosinophilic infiltration in biopsy slides. [[Microscopy]] reveals >20 eosinophils per [[High Power Field|high power field]].<ref name="talley"/><ref name="baig"/> Infiltration is often patchy , can be missed and [[laparoscopy|laparoscopic]] full thickness biopsy may be required.
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| [[Radionuclide|Radio isotope]] scan using [[Tc-99m]] HMPAO-labeled [[leukocyte]] [[single photon emission computed tomography|SPECT]] may be useful in assessing the extent of disease and response to treatment but has little value in diagnosis, as the scan does not help differentiating EG from other causes of inflammation.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lee K, Hahm K, Kim Y, Kim J, Cho S, Jie H, Park C, Yim H |title=The usefulness of Tc-99m HMPAO labeled WBC SPECT in eosinophilic gastroenteritis |journal=Clinical nuclear medicine |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=536-41 |year=1997 |pmid=9262899}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Imai E, Kaminaga T, Kawasugi K, Yokokawa T, Furui S |title=The usefulness of 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime white blood cell scintigraphy in a patient with eosinophilic gastroenteritis |journal=Annals of nuclear medicine |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=601-3 |year=2003 |pmid=14651361}}</ref>
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|
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| When eosinophilic gastroenteritis is observed in association with eosinophilic infiltration of other organ systems, the diagnosis of [[idiopathic]] [[hypereosinophilic syndrome]] should be considered.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Matsushita M, Hajiro K, Morita Y, Takakuwa H, Suzaki T |title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis involving the entire digestive tract |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=90 |issue=10 |pages=1868-70 |year=1995 |pmid=7572911}}</ref>
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| ===History and Symptoms===
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| The following are the common presenting symptoms of eosinophilic gastroenteritis:<ref name="talley"/>
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| * Abdominal pain
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| * Nausea
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| * Weight loss
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| * Diarrhea
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| * Abdominal bloating: More often seen in patients with subserosal disease.
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| * Ascites: Seen more often in patients with subserosal disease.
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|
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| EG typically presents with a combination of chronic nonspecific GI symptoms which include [[abdominal]] pain, [[nausea]], vomiting, [[diarrhea]], [[weight loss]], and abdominal distension. Approximately 80% have symptoms for several years.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Christopher V, Thompson M, Hughes S |title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis mimicking pancreatic cancer |journal=Postgraduate medical journal |volume=78 |issue=922 |pages=498-9 |year=2002 |pmid=12185230}}</ref>; a high degree of clinical suspicion is often required to establish the diagnosis, as the disease is extremely rare. Occasionally, the disease may manifest itself as an acute abdomen or bowel obstruction.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shweiki E, West J, Klena J, Kelley S, Colley A, Bross R, Tyler W |title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis presenting as an obstructing cecal mass--a case report and review of the literature |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=94 |issue=12 |pages=3644-5 |year=1999 |pmid=10606337}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Tran D, Salloum L, Tshibaka C, Moser R |title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis mimicking acute appendicitis |journal=The American surgeon |volume=66 |issue=10 |pages=990-2 |year=2000 |pmid=11261632}}</ref>
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| * '''[[Mucosal]] EG''' (25-100%) is the commonest variety.<ref name="baig">{{cite journal |author=Baig M, Qadir A, Rasheed J |title=A review of eosinophilic gastroenteritis |journal=Journal of the National Medical Association |volume=98 |issue=10 |pages=1616-9 |year=2006 |pmid=17052051}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Lee C, Changchien C, Chen P, Lin D, Sheen I, Wang C, Tai D, Sheen-Chen S, Chen W, Wu C |title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: 10 years experience |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=70-4 |year=1993 |pmid=8420276}}</ref> It presents with features of [[malabsorption]] and [[protein losing enteropathy]]. Failure to thrive and [[anaemia]] may also be present. [[Lower gastrointestinal bleeding]] may imply colonic involvement.
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| *'''Muscular EG''' (13-70%) presents with obstruction of gastric outlet or small intestine; sometimes as an obstructing [[Cecum|caecal]] mass or [[intussusception]].
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| *'''[[Serous membrane|Subserosal]]''' '''EG''' (4.5 % to 9 % in Japan and 13 % in the USA).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Miyamoto T, Shibata T, Matsuura S, Kagesawa M, Ishizawa Y, Tamiya K |title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis with ileus and ascites |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=35 |issue=10 |pages=779-82 |year=1996 |pmid=8933185}})</ref> presents with ascites which is usually exudative in nature, abundant peripheral eosinophilia, and has favourable responses to [[corticosteroids]].
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| *Other documented features are [[Cholangitis]], [[pancreatitis]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lyngbaek S, Adamsen S, Aru A, Bergenfeldt M |title=Recurrent acute pancreatitis due to eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Case report and literature review |journal=JOP |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=211-7 |year=2006 |pmid=16525206}}</ref> eosinophilic [[splenitis]], acute [[appendicitis]] and giant refractory [[duodenal ulcer]].
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| ===Physical Examination===
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| ===Laboratory Findings===
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| The following laboratory findings can be seen:<ref name="talley"/>
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| * CBC: Peripheral blood [[eosinophilia]] is often seen, but it may be absent in >20% of affected patients. Patients with subserosal disease often have a higher eosinophil count.
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| * Elevated [[serum]] [[IgE]] is a common finding.
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| * Elevated ESR: This can be moderately elevated in 25% of patients with eosinophilic gastroenteritis.
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|
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| ===Imaging Findings===
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| * Endoscopic biopsy:<ref name="talley"/> The diagnosis can occasionally be missed, especially in patients with the localized patchy infiltration.
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| ==Treatment==
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| ===Medical Therapy===
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| * Steroids are the mainstay of therapy for eosinophilic gastroenteritis. A dramatic response to corticosteroid therapy is commonly seen in patients with subserosal disease.<ref name="talley"/> A 90% response rate to corticosteroid therapy has been documented in some studies.<ref name="pmid15492606">{{cite journal| author=Barbie DA, Mangi AA, Lauwers GY| title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. | journal=J Clin Gastroenterol | year= 2004 | volume= 38 | issue= 10 | pages= 883-6 | pmid=15492606 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15492606 }} </ref>
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|
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| * Other treatment modalities include:<ref name="pmid15492606">{{cite journal| author=Barbie DA, Mangi AA, Lauwers GY| title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. | journal=J Clin Gastroenterol | year= 2004 | volume= 38 | issue= 10 | pages= 883-6 | pmid=15492606 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15492606 }} </ref><ref name="pmid6547462">{{cite journal| author=Katz AJ, Twarog FJ, Zeiger RS, Falchuk ZM| title=Milk-sensitive and eosinophilic gastroenteropathy: similar clinical features with contrasting mechanisms and clinical course. | journal=J Allergy Clin Immunol | year= 1984 | volume= 74 | issue= 1 | pages= 72-8 | pmid=6547462 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6547462 }} </ref><ref name="chen"/>
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|
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| # Elimination of identified food allergy.
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| #
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|
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|
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| * Corticosteroids are the mainstay of therapy with a 90% response rate in some studies. Appropriate duration of steroid treatment is unknown and relapse often necessitates long term treatment. Various steroid sparing agents e.g. [[sodium cromoglycate]] (a stabilizer of mast cell [[cell membrane|membranes]]), [[ketotifen]] (an [[antihistamine]]), and [[montelukast]] (a selective, competitive [[Leukotriene antagonist|leukotriene receptor antagonist]]) have been proposed, centering around an allergic hypothesis, with mixed results.<ref name="pmid15492606">{{cite journal| author=Barbie DA, Mangi AA, Lauwers GY| title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. | journal=J Clin Gastroenterol | year= 2004 | volume= 38 | issue= 10 | pages= 883-6 | pmid=15492606 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15492606 }} </ref> An elimination diet may be successful if a limited number of food allergies are identified.<ref name="pmid6547462">{{cite journal| author=Katz AJ, Twarog FJ, Zeiger RS, Falchuk ZM| title=Milk-sensitive and eosinophilic gastroenteropathy: similar clinical features with contrasting mechanisms and clinical course. | journal=J Allergy Clin Immunol | year= 1984 | volume= 74 | issue= 1 | pages= 72-8 | pmid=6547462 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6547462 }} </ref><ref name="chen"/>
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| ===Surgery===
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| ===Prevention===
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| == Other gastrointestinal conditions associated with allergy ==
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|
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| *[[Eosinophilic esophagitis]]
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| *Eosinophilic [[ascites]]
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| *[[Coeliac disease]]
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| *[[Protein losing enteropathy]] from intolerance to cow's milk protein
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| *Infantile formula protein intolerance
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|
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| == See also ==
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| [[Allergy]]<br />
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| [[Gastroenteritis]]<br />
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| [[Malabsorption]]
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|
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| {{Allergic conditions}}
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| [[Category:Gastroenterology]]
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|
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| {{WH}}
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| {{WS}}
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