Enterovirus 68 historical perspective: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
(8 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__


{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HK}}
{{Enterovirus 68}}
{{Enterovirus 68}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Human enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) was initially isolated in 1962 from samples of 4 hospitalized children presenting for [[pneumonia]] and [[bronchiolitis]] in California. It is a rare disease that has recently become more clinically evident. The most recent outbreak occurred in USA on September 2014; it involved 10 states including Colorado, North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Kentucky.
Human enterovirus 68 ([[EV-D68]]) was initially isolated in 1962 from samples of 4 hospitalized children presenting for [[pneumonia]] and [[bronchiolitis]] in California. It is a rare disease that has recently become more clinically evident. In September 2014 there was a nationwide outbreak of [[EV-D68]] in the USA which involved 10 states including Colorado, North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Kentucky. In October 2018, the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) confirmed 39 cases of the enterovirus [[EV-D68]] in children across the state.


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
* Human enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) was initially isolated in 1962 from samples of 4 hospitalized children presenting for [[pneumonia]] and [[bronchiolitis]] in California.<ref name="Schieble-1967">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Schieble | first1 = JH. | last2 = Fox | first2 = VL. | last3 = Lennette | first3 = EH. | title = A probable new human picornavirus associated with respiratory diseases. | journal = Am J Epidemiol | volume = 85 | issue = 2 | pages = 297-310 | month = Mar | year = 1967 | doi =  | PMID = 4960233 }}</ref>  
* Human enterovirus 68 ([[EV-D68]]) was initially isolated in 1962 from samples of 4 hospitalized children presenting for [[pneumonia]] and [[bronchiolitis]] in California.<ref name="Schieble-1967">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Schieble | first1 = JH. | last2 = Fox | first2 = VL. | last3 = Lennette | first3 = EH. | title = A probable new human picornavirus associated with respiratory diseases. | journal = Am J Epidemiol | volume = 85 | issue = 2 | pages = 297-310 | month = Mar | year = 1967 | doi =  | PMID = 4960233 }}</ref>  
* While early descriptions of of EV-D68 identified the virus as acid resistant, newer reports refuted earlier findings and consistently confirmed the virus's acid sensitivity.<ref name="pmid5543842">{{cite journal| author=| title=A collaborative report: rhinoviruses--extension of the numbering system. | journal=Virology | year= 1971 | volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 524-6 | pmid=5543842 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5543842  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11807226">{{cite journal| author=Savolainen C, Blomqvist S, Mulders MN, Hovi T| title=Genetic clustering of all 102 human rhinovirus prototype strains: serotype 87 is close to human enterovirus 70. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2002 | volume= 83 | issue= Pt 2 | pages= 333-40 | pmid=11807226 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11807226  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12403917">{{cite journal| author=Ishiko H, Miura R, Shimada Y, Hayashi A, Nakajima H, Yamazaki S et al.| title=Human rhinovirus 87 identified as human enterovirus 68 by VP4-based molecular diagnosis. | journal=Intervirology | year= 2002 | volume= 45 | issue= 3 | pages= 136-41 | pmid=12403917 | doi=65866 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12403917  }} </ref>
* While early descriptions of of EV-D68 identified the [[virus]] as acid resistant, newer reports refuted earlier findings and consistently confirmed the [[Virus|virus's]] acid sensitivity.<ref name="pmid5543842">{{cite journal| author=| title=A collaborative report: rhinoviruses--extension of the numbering system. | journal=Virology | year= 1971 | volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 524-6 | pmid=5543842 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5543842  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11807226">{{cite journal| author=Savolainen C, Blomqvist S, Mulders MN, Hovi T| title=Genetic clustering of all 102 human rhinovirus prototype strains: serotype 87 is close to human enterovirus 70. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2002 | volume= 83 | issue= Pt 2 | pages= 333-40 | pmid=11807226 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11807226  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12403917">{{cite journal| author=Ishiko H, Miura R, Shimada Y, Hayashi A, Nakajima H, Yamazaki S et al.| title=Human rhinovirus 87 identified as human enterovirus 68 by VP4-based molecular diagnosis. | journal=Intervirology | year= 2002 | volume= 45 | issue= 3 | pages= 136-41 | pmid=12403917 | doi=65866 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12403917  }} </ref>
* Prior to 2005, reports of EV-D68 infections were very limited. Only 26 cases of verified EV-D68 infection were documented between 1970 and 2005. EV-D68 is thus considered one of the rarest infectious enteroviruses, representing approximately 0.1% of all enterovirus isolates in that time frame.
* Between 1970 and 2005 only 26 clinical isolates of [[EV-D68]] were reported in the USA.<ref name="pmid16971890">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberst S, Pallansch MA |title=Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 1970-2005 |journal=MMWR Surveill Summ |volume=55 |issue=8 |pages=1–20 |date=September 2006 |pmid=16971890 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Over the past few years, outbreaks of EV-D68 have been documented in Japan, the Philippines, the Netherlands, and also in several clusters in the USA.<ref name="pmid22694903">{{cite journal| author=Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SR, Wu W, Sall AA et al.| title=Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2012 | volume= 93 | issue= Pt 9 | pages= 1952-8 | pmid=22694903 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.043935-0 | pmc=PMC3542132 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22694903  }} </ref>  
* Prior to 2005, reports of [[EV-D68]] infections were very limited. Only 26 cases of verified [[EV-D68]] infection were documented between 1970 and 2005. [[EV-D68]] is thus considered one of the rarest infectious enteroviruses, representing approximately 0.1% of all [[enterovirus]] isolates in that time frame.
* In September 2014, there was an outbreak of EV-D68 in the US with clusters reported in 10 states including Colorado, North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Kentucky.
* Over the past few years, outbreaks of [[EV-D68]] have been documented in Japan, the Philippines, the Netherlands, and also in several clusters in the USA.<ref name="pmid22694903">{{cite journal| author=Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SR, Wu W, Sall AA et al.| title=Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2012 | volume= 93 | issue= Pt 9 | pages= 1952-8 | pmid=22694903 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.043935-0 | pmc=PMC3542132 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22694903  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21958204">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hasegawa S, Hirano R, Okamoto-Nakagawa R, Ichiyama T, Shirabe K |title=Enterovirus 68 infection in children with asthma attacks: virus-induced asthma in Japanese children |journal=Allergy |volume=66 |issue=12 |pages=1618–20 |date=December 2011 |pmid=21958204 |doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02725.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21801620">{{cite journal |vauthors=Imamura T, Fuji N, Suzuki A, Tamaki R, Saito M, Aniceto R, Galang H, Sombrero L, Lupisan S, Oshitani H |title=Enterovirus 68 among children with severe acute respiratory infection, the Philippines |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=1430–5 |date=August 2011 |pmid=21801620 |pmc=3381551 |doi=10.3201/eid1708.101328 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21801632">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaida A, Kubo H, Sekiguchi J, Kohdera U, Togawa M, Shiomi M, Nishigaki T, Iritani N |title=Enterovirus 68 in children with acute respiratory tract infections, Osaka, Japan |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=1494–7 |date=August 2011 |pmid=21801632 |pmc=3381549 |doi=10.3201/eid1708.110028 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21802981">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rahamat-Langendoen J, Riezebos-Brilman A, Borger R, van der Heide R, Brandenburg A, Schölvinck E, Niesters HG |title=Upsurge of human enterovirus 68 infections in patients with severe respiratory tract infections |journal=J. Clin. Virol. |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=103–6 |date=October 2011 |pmid=21802981 |doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2011.06.019 |url=}}</ref>
* Analysis of VP1 Genes of EV-D68 has helped identify three distinct clades namely A, B, and C from the prototype EV-D68 Fermon strain. Two sub-clades (B1 and B2) were identified, with most 2014 EV-D68 outbreak strains belonging to sub-cluster B2b2 (one of the two emerging clusters within sub-clade B2).
* In 2011, China and Phillipines was affected by the first [[EV-D68]] sub-clade B2 strains. Sub-clade B1 contained the two strains from Ontario and three USA strains from the 2014 outbreak.<ref name="pmid282989023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eshaghi A, Duvvuri VR, Isabel S, Banh P, Li A, Peci A, Patel SN, Gubbay JB |title=Global Distribution and Evolutionary History of Enterovirus D68, with Emphasis on the 2014 Outbreak in Ontario, Canada |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=8 |issue= |pages=257 |date=2017 |pmid=28298902 |pmc=5331033 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2017.00257 |url=}}</ref>
* All three clades of EV-D68 have been reported in China, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, and the USA
* In September 2014, there was an outbreak of [[EV-D68]] in the US with clusters reported in 10 states including Colorado, North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Kentucky.
* In 2011, China and Phillipines was affected by the first EV-D68 sub-clade B2 strains. Sub-clade B1 contained the two strains from Ontario and three USA strains from the 2014 outbreak.
* Analysis of VP1 genes (encoding [[capsid]] [[proteins]]) of [[EV-D68]] has helped identify three distinct clades namely A, B, and C from the prototype [[EV-D68]] Fermon strain. Two sub-clades (B1 and B2) were identified, with most 2014 [[EV-D68]] outbreak strains belonging to sub-cluster B2b2 (one of the two emerging clusters within sub-clade B2).<ref name="pmid28298902">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eshaghi A, Duvvuri VR, Isabel S, Banh P, Li A, Peci A, Patel SN, Gubbay JB |title=Global Distribution and Evolutionary History of Enterovirus D68, with Emphasis on the 2014 Outbreak in Ontario, Canada |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=8 |issue= |pages=257 |date=2017 |pmid=28298902 |pmc=5331033 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2017.00257 |url=}}</ref>
* All three clades of [[EV-D68]] have been reported in China, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, and the USA<ref name="pmid282989022">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eshaghi A, Duvvuri VR, Isabel S, Banh P, Li A, Peci A, Patel SN, Gubbay JB |title=Global Distribution and Evolutionary History of Enterovirus D68, with Emphasis on the 2014 Outbreak in Ontario, Canada |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=8 |issue= |pages=257 |date=2017 |pmid=28298902 |pmc=5331033 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2017.00257 |url=}}</ref>
* In October 2018, the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) confirmed 39 cases of the enterovirus [[EV-D68]] in children across the state.


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 14:09, 1 November 2018


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2]

Enterovirus 68 Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Risk Factors

Differentiating Enterovirus 68 from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Ultrasound

Chest X Ray

CT Scan

MRI

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Enterovirus 68 historical perspective On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Enterovirus 68 historical perspective

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Enterovirus 68 historical perspective

CDC on Enterovirus 68 historical perspective

Enterovirus 68 historical perspective in the news

Blogs on Enterovirus 68 historical perspective

Directions to Hospitals Treating Enterovirus 68

Risk calculators and risk factors for Enterovirus 68 historical perspective

Overview

Human enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) was initially isolated in 1962 from samples of 4 hospitalized children presenting for pneumonia and bronchiolitis in California. It is a rare disease that has recently become more clinically evident. In September 2014 there was a nationwide outbreak of EV-D68 in the USA which involved 10 states including Colorado, North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Kentucky. In October 2018, the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) confirmed 39 cases of the enterovirus EV-D68 in children across the state.

Historical Perspective

  • Human enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) was initially isolated in 1962 from samples of 4 hospitalized children presenting for pneumonia and bronchiolitis in California.[1]
  • While early descriptions of of EV-D68 identified the virus as acid resistant, newer reports refuted earlier findings and consistently confirmed the virus's acid sensitivity.[2][3][4]
  • Between 1970 and 2005 only 26 clinical isolates of EV-D68 were reported in the USA.[5]
  • Prior to 2005, reports of EV-D68 infections were very limited. Only 26 cases of verified EV-D68 infection were documented between 1970 and 2005. EV-D68 is thus considered one of the rarest infectious enteroviruses, representing approximately 0.1% of all enterovirus isolates in that time frame.
  • Over the past few years, outbreaks of EV-D68 have been documented in Japan, the Philippines, the Netherlands, and also in several clusters in the USA.[6][7][8][9][10]
  • In 2011, China and Phillipines was affected by the first EV-D68 sub-clade B2 strains. Sub-clade B1 contained the two strains from Ontario and three USA strains from the 2014 outbreak.[11]
  • In September 2014, there was an outbreak of EV-D68 in the US with clusters reported in 10 states including Colorado, North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Kentucky.
  • Analysis of VP1 genes (encoding capsid proteins) of EV-D68 has helped identify three distinct clades namely A, B, and C from the prototype EV-D68 Fermon strain. Two sub-clades (B1 and B2) were identified, with most 2014 EV-D68 outbreak strains belonging to sub-cluster B2b2 (one of the two emerging clusters within sub-clade B2).[12]
  • All three clades of EV-D68 have been reported in China, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, and the USA[13]
  • In October 2018, the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) confirmed 39 cases of the enterovirus EV-D68 in children across the state.

References

  1. ↑ Schieble, JH.; Fox, VL.; Lennette, EH. (1967). "A probable new human picornavirus associated with respiratory diseases". Am J Epidemiol. 85 (2): 297–310. PMID 4960233. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ "A collaborative report: rhinoviruses--extension of the numbering system". Virology. 43 (2): 524–6. 1971. PMID 5543842.
  3. ↑ Savolainen C, Blomqvist S, Mulders MN, Hovi T (2002). "Genetic clustering of all 102 human rhinovirus prototype strains: serotype 87 is close to human enterovirus 70". J Gen Virol. 83 (Pt 2): 333–40. PMID 11807226.
  4. ↑ Ishiko H, Miura R, Shimada Y, Hayashi A, Nakajima H, Yamazaki S; et al. (2002). "Human rhinovirus 87 identified as human enterovirus 68 by VP4-based molecular diagnosis". Intervirology. 45 (3): 136–41. doi:65866 Check |doi= value (help). PMID 12403917.
  5. ↑ Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberst S, Pallansch MA (September 2006). "Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 1970-2005". MMWR Surveill Summ. 55 (8): 1–20. PMID 16971890.
  6. ↑ Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SR, Wu W, Sall AA; et al. (2012). "Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68". J Gen Virol. 93 (Pt 9): 1952–8. doi:10.1099/vir.0.043935-0. PMC 3542132. PMID 22694903.
  7. ↑ Hasegawa S, Hirano R, Okamoto-Nakagawa R, Ichiyama T, Shirabe K (December 2011). "Enterovirus 68 infection in children with asthma attacks: virus-induced asthma in Japanese children". Allergy. 66 (12): 1618–20. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02725.x. PMID 21958204.
  8. ↑ Imamura T, Fuji N, Suzuki A, Tamaki R, Saito M, Aniceto R, Galang H, Sombrero L, Lupisan S, Oshitani H (August 2011). "Enterovirus 68 among children with severe acute respiratory infection, the Philippines". Emerging Infect. Dis. 17 (8): 1430–5. doi:10.3201/eid1708.101328. PMC 3381551. PMID 21801620.
  9. ↑ Kaida A, Kubo H, Sekiguchi J, Kohdera U, Togawa M, Shiomi M, Nishigaki T, Iritani N (August 2011). "Enterovirus 68 in children with acute respiratory tract infections, Osaka, Japan". Emerging Infect. Dis. 17 (8): 1494–7. doi:10.3201/eid1708.110028. PMC 3381549. PMID 21801632.
  10. ↑ Rahamat-Langendoen J, Riezebos-Brilman A, Borger R, van der Heide R, Brandenburg A, Schölvinck E, Niesters HG (October 2011). "Upsurge of human enterovirus 68 infections in patients with severe respiratory tract infections". J. Clin. Virol. 52 (2): 103–6. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2011.06.019. PMID 21802981.
  11. ↑ Eshaghi A, Duvvuri VR, Isabel S, Banh P, Li A, Peci A, Patel SN, Gubbay JB (2017). "Global Distribution and Evolutionary History of Enterovirus D68, with Emphasis on the 2014 Outbreak in Ontario, Canada". Front Microbiol. 8: 257. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00257. PMC 5331033. PMID 28298902.
  12. ↑ Eshaghi A, Duvvuri VR, Isabel S, Banh P, Li A, Peci A, Patel SN, Gubbay JB (2017). "Global Distribution and Evolutionary History of Enterovirus D68, with Emphasis on the 2014 Outbreak in Ontario, Canada". Front Microbiol. 8: 257. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00257. PMC 5331033. PMID 28298902.
  13. ↑ Eshaghi A, Duvvuri VR, Isabel S, Banh P, Li A, Peci A, Patel SN, Gubbay JB (2017). "Global Distribution and Evolutionary History of Enterovirus D68, with Emphasis on the 2014 Outbreak in Ontario, Canada". Front Microbiol. 8: 257. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00257. PMC 5331033. PMID 28298902.
Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Enterovirus_68_historical_perspective&oldid=1501156"