Endodermal sinus tumor

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Monalisa Dmello, M.B,B.S., M.D. [2]; Shivali Marketkar, M.B.B.S. [3]; Ammu Susheela, M.D. [4]

Synonyms and keywords: EST

Historical Perspective

• Endodermal sinus tumor was first discovered by Dr. Gunner Telium, a Danish pathologist, in 1971 following publication of a distinctive variety of germ cell tumor.

Classification

• Endodermal sinus tumor may be classified according to histology into 10 groups:

• Reticular
• Endodermal sinus-like
• Microcystic
• Papillary
• Solid
• Glandular
• Alveolar
• Polyvesicular vitelline
• Enteric
• Hepatoid

Pathophysiology

• The hypermethylation of the RUNX3 gene promoter and overexpression of GATA-4, a transcription factor has been associated with the development of endodermal sinus tumor.
• On gross pathology, solid gray-white with a gelatinous, myxoid, or mucoid appearance, necrosis, cystic changes, and hemorrhage are characteristic findings of endodermal sinus tumor.
• On microscopic histopathological analysis, Schiller-Duval bodies, [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Causes

• [Disease name] may be caused by either [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
• [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene1], [gene2], or [gene3] gene[s].
• There are no established causes for [disease name].

Differentiating From Endodermal sinus tumor Other Diseases

Endodermal sinus tumor must be differentiated from other diseases that cause ovarian mass, such as:

• Stein-Leventhal syndrome

• Ovary teratoma

• Tubal pregnancy

• Ovary adenocarcinoma

• Tubo-ovarian abscess

Epidemiology and Demographics

• The prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number or range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
• In [year], the incidence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location].

Age

• Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
• [Disease name] is more commonly observed among patients aged [age range] years old.
• [Disease name] is more commonly observed among [elderly patients/young patients/children].

Gender

• [Disease name] affects men and women equally.
• [Gender 1] are more commonly affected with [disease name] than [gender 2].
• The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

Race

• There is no racial predilection for [disease name].
• [Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
• [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

Risk Factors

• Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

• The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
• Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
• If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
• Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
• Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10year mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].

Ovarian germ cell tumor (endodermal sinus tumor) is surgically staged using the FIGO cancer staging system:

Stage	Finding
I	Growth limited to the ovaries
Ia	Growth limited to one ovary; no ascites present containing malignant cells. No tumor on the external surface; capsule intact
Ib	Growth limited to both ovaries; no ascites present containing malignant cells. No tumor on the external surfaces; capsules intact
Icb	Tumor either stage Ia or Ib, but with tumor on surface of one or both ovaries, or with capsule ruptured, or with ascites present containing malignant cells, or with positive peritoneal washings
II	Growth involving one or both ovaries with pelvic extension
IIa	Extension and/or metastases to the uterus and/or tubes
IIb	Extension to other pelvic tissues
IIcb	Tumor either stage IIa or IIb, but with tumor on surface of one or both ovaries, or with capsule(s) ruptured, or with ascites present containing malignant cells, or with positive peritoneal washings
III	Tumor involving one or both ovaries with histologically confirmed peritoneal implants outside the pelvis and/or positive regional lymph nodes. Superficial liver metastases equals stage III. Tumor is limited to the true pelvis, but with histologically proven malignant extension to small bowel or omentum
IIIa	Tumor grossly limited to the true pelvis, with negative nodes, but with histologically confirmed microscopic seeding of abdominal peritoneal surfaces, or histologic proven extension to small bowel or mesentery
IIIb	Tumor of one or both ovaries with histologically confirmed implants, peritoneal metastasis of abdominal peritoneal surfaces, none exceeding 2 cm in diameter; nodes are negative
IIIc	Peritoneal metastasis beyond the pelvis >2 cm in diameter and/or positive regional lymph nodes
IV	Growth involving one or both ovaries with distant metastases. If pleural effusion is present, there must be positive cytology to allot a case to stage IV. Parenchymal liver metastasis equals stage IV

Diagnosis

Symptoms

The symptoms of endodermal sinus tumor include the following:

• Abdominal distention
• Acute/sub acute abdominal pain

Physical Examination

Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor Physical Examination

Abdomen

• Abdominal distention
• Abdominal tenderness

Pelvic exam

• Adnexal mass

Laboratory Findings

• An elevated concentration of serum alpha feto-protein is diagnostic of endodermal sinus tumor.

Imaging Findings

• On MRI, endodermal sinus tumor is characterized by areas of haemorrhage.

Other Diagnostic Studies

• Endodermal sinus tumor may also be diagnosed using biopsy and measurement of GATA-4, a transcription factor.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

The mainstay of therapy for endodermal sinus tumor is chemotherapy.

Stage I endodermal sinus tumor

• Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy

Stage II endodermal sinus tumor

• Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy

Stage III endodermal sinus tumor

• Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy, with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy
• Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy, with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Stage IV endodermal sinus tumor

• Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy
• Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Surgery

Surgery is the mode of treatment for endodermal sinus tumor when chemotherapy is not effective:

Stage I endodermal sinus tumor

• Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy
• Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy followed by observation

Stage II endodermal sinus tumor

• Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy
• Second-look laparotomy

Stage III endodermal sinus tumor

• Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy, with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy
• Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy, with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy
• Second-look laparotomy

Stage IV endodermal sinus tumor

• Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy
• Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Prevention

• There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].
• Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
• Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followedup every [duration]. Followup testing includes [test 1],[test 2], and [test 3].

Video

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