Endodermal sinus tumor

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Monalisa Dmello, M.B,B.S., M.D. [2]; Ammu Susheela, M.D. [3]

Synonyms and keywords: EST

Overview

Historical Perspective

  • [Disease name] was first discovered by [scientist name], a

[nationality + occupation], in [year] during/following [event].

  • In [year], [gene] mutations were first identified in the pathogenesis

of [disease name].

  • In [year], the first [discovery] was developed by [scientist] to

treat/diagnose [disease name].

Classification

  • [Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method]

into [number] subtypes/groups:

  • [group1]
  • [group2]
  • [group3]
  • Other variants of [disease name] include [disease subtype 1],

[disease subtype 2], and [disease subtype 3].

Pathophysiology

  • The pathogenesis of [disease name] is characterized by [feature1],

[feature2], and [feature3].

  • The [gene name] gene/Mutation in [gene name] has been associated with

the development of [disease name], involving the [molecular pathway] pathway.

  • On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are

characteristic findings of [disease name].

  • On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2],

and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Causes

  • [Disease name] may be caused by either [cause1], [cause2], or

[cause3].

  • [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene1], [gene2], or

[gene3] gene[s].

  • There are no established causes for [disease name].

Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases

  • [Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause

[clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as:

  • [Differential dx1]
  • [Differential dx2]
  • [Differential dx3]

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • The prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number or range]

per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

  • In [year], the incidence of [disease name] was estimated to be

[number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location].

Age

  • Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
  • [Disease name] is more commonly observed among patients aged [age

range] years old.

  • [Disease name] is more commonly observed among [elderly

patients/young patients/children].

Gender

  • [Disease name] affects men and women equally.
  • [Gender 1] are more commonly affected with [disease name] than

[gender 2].

  • The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to

1.

Race

  • There is no racial predilection for [disease name].
  • [Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
  • [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

Risk Factors

  • Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk

factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

  • The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for

[duration/years].

  • Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2],

and [manifestation 3].

  • If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress

to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].

  • Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1],

[complication 2], and [complication 3].

  • Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10year

mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

  • The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the

following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:

  • [criterion 1]
  • [criterion 2]
  • [criterion 3]
  • [criterion 4]

Symptoms

  • [Disease name] is usually asymptomatic.
  • Symptoms of [disease name] may include the following:
  • [symptom 1]
  • [symptom 2]
  • [symptom 3]
  • [symptom 4]
  • [symptom 5]
  • [symptom 6]

Physical Examination

  • Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
  • Physical examination may be remarkable for:
  • [finding 1]
  • [finding 2]
  • [finding 3]
  • [finding 4]
  • [finding 5]
  • [finding 6]

Laboratory Findings

  • There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease

name].

  • A [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
  • An [elevated/reduced] concentration of

[serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].

  • Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease

name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

Imaging Findings

  • There are no [imaging study] findings associated with [disease name].
  • [Imaging study 1] is the imaging modality of choice for [disease

name].

  • On [imaging study 1], [disease name] is characterized by [finding 1],

[finding 2], and [finding 3].

  • [Imaging study 2] may demonstrate [finding 1], [finding 2], and

[finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies

  • [Disease name] may also be diagnosed using [diagnostic study name].
  • Findings on [diagnostic study name] include [finding 1], [finding 2],

and [finding 3].

Treatment

Medical Therapy

  • There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is

supportive care.

  • The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and

[medical therapy 2].

  • [Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action1].
  • Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical

finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].

Surgery

  • Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
  • [Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is

the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].

  • [Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease

stage] [disease name].

Prevention

  • There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease

name].

  • Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name]

include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].

  • Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name]

are followedup every [duration]. Followup testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].

References